THEMISONIUM. TIIEMISO'NIUM(06/^i(rw;'io;/: Eth. QijxKjwvios), a town of Phiygia, rie;ir the borders of I'isidia, ■whence in later tunes it was regarded as a town of I'isidia. (Strab. xii. p. 576; Paus. x. 32; Ptol. v. 2. § 26 ; Steph. B. s. v. ; Plin. v. 29 ; Hierocl. p. C74 ; Geogr. Kav. i. 18.) Pausanias relates that the Theniisonians showed a cave, about 30 stadia from their town, in which, on the advice of Heracles, Apollo, and Hermes, they had concealed tlieir wives and cliildren during an invasion of the Celts, and in which afterwards they set up statues of these di- vinities. According to the Peuting. Table, Themiso- nium was 34 miles from Laodiceia. Arundell (^iJis- coveries, ii. p. 136), guided by a coin of the place, fixes its site on the river Azanes, and believes the ruins at Kai Uissar to be those of Themisonium ; but Kiepert (in Franz's Fi'mf Inschriften, p. 29) thinks that the ruins of Kisel Hissar, which Arundell takes to mark the site of Cibyra, are those of Themisonium. [L. S.] THENAE (0ewi, Callim. in Jov. 42; Steph. B. ^. V. 'OiJ.(pdiov), a town of Crete close on the Om- jihalian plain, and near Cnossus. If not on the very site it must have been close to the Castello Temenos of the Venetians, which was built A. d. 961, when the Cretans, under their Saracenic leaders, were vanquished by Nicephorus Phocas and the forces of the Byzantine emperor. (Pashley, Travels, vol. i. p. 224; comp. Finlay, Byzantine Empire, vol. i. p. 377; Gibbon, c. lii.) [E. B. J.] THENAE (Qeva'i), a maritime city of Byzacium in Africa Proper, at the mouth of a small river which fell into the Syrtis Minor, and 216 miles SE. of Carthage. (Plin. v. 4. s. 3.) By Strabo it is called 7] Qeua (xvii. p. 83 1 ), and by Ptolemy Qaiua, or Qeatyat (i. 1.5. § 2, iv. 3. § 11). At a later period it became a Roman colony with the name of Aelia Augusta Jlercurialis (Gruter, Inscr. p. 363; cf. Itin. Ant. p. .59, also pp. 46, 47, 48, 57). Now Thaini, or Tiny. [T. H. D.] THEODORIAS. [Vacca.] THEODORO'POLIS {©ioiiupSiroXis, Procop. de Aed. iv. 6, 7), a town of Moesia Inferior, founded by the emperor Justinian. [T. H. D.] THEODO'SIA (0eo5o(7fa, Ptol. iii. 6. § 3), a flourishing colony of the Milesians, on the coast of the Chersonesus Taurica, in European Sarmatia, with a harbour capable of containing 100 ships. (Strab. vii. 309 ; Arrian, Per. P. Eux. p. 20.) In the dialect of the natives, it was called Ardabda ('A/)5dg5a, Anon. Per. P. Eux. p. 5), which is said to have signified, in the dialect of the Taurians, "seven gods" (Pallas, i. p. 416), and at a later pe- riod Ka])ha (Ka^ia, Const. Porphyr. de A dm. Imp. c. 53); whilst by the Geogr. Eav. (iv. 3, v. 11) we find it named Theodosiopolis. It enjoyed an exten- sive conmierce, particularly in corn (Dem. adv. Lept. p. 255), but appears to have been ruined before the age of Arrian, in the beginning of the second cen- tury. (Arrian, I. c.) Yet it continues to be men- tioned by later writers (Polyaen. v. 23; Amm. Marc. xxii. 8. § 36; Oros. i. 2; Steph. B. s. v. &c.) Yet we should not, perhaps, allow these writers jnuch authority; at all events the very name of the Milesian colony appears to have vanished in the time of the emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus, under whom the site on which it stood was already called Kaffon (de Adm. Imp. c. 43 ; cf. Neumann, JJie Ilel- lenen im Skythenlande, p. 469.) Clarke imagined that he had discovered its I'uins at Stara Crim, where there are still some magnificent remains of a THEItA. 1157 Gi-eek city (Trav. ii. p. 154, sq.; cf. p. 150 and note); but the more general, and perhaps betler founded opinion is, that it stood, near its namesake, the modern Caffa or Tkeodosia. (Cf. Kaoul-Rochetie. Ant. du Bosp. Cimm. p. 30; Dubois, v. p. 280.) For coins and inscriptions, see Kljhler, lvv. Act. Acad. Petrop. xiv. p. 122, and Mem. de St. Peltrsb. ix. p. 649, sq.; Clarke, 7Vai'. ii. 148, sq. [T.U. D.] THEODOSIO'POLIS (also called Ana), a town in the SE. of Thrace, on the road from Cyjjsela to Byzantium, a short distance to the 1'^. of tlie source of the river Melas. Ammianus (xxvii. 4. § 12) men- tions it by the latter name as one of the two chief towns of Europa, the designation in his time of tlu' SE. division of Thrace. [J. I!.] THEODOSIO'POLIS (@ioSo(no{moMs, Procop de Aed. iii. 5), a city in Armenia ]Iajor, founded by Theodo.sius II. to keep the Armenians in subjection It was enlarged by the emperor Anastasius, and it.-^ fortifications were much strengthened by Justinian. (Procop. B. P. i. 10.) It lay S. of theAraxes and 42 stadia S. of the mountain in which the Euphrates rises, the present Bingol. (Id. lb. 17; cf. Ritter, Erdk. X. p. 79, seq.) Theodosiopolis enjoyed an ex- tensive commerce. (Const. Porphyr. de Adm. Imp. 45.) Slime writers identify it with Arzeromn (Ritter, /i. pp. 80, 271, seq.; Zeune, p. 431); but according to D'Anville (Geogr. Anc. ii. p. 99, sq.) it lay 35 miles E. of that place. (Cf. Chaidin, ii. p. 173, sq.; Hamilton, Asia Minor, ^v. i. p. 178; Gibbon, Decline and Fall, iv. p. 168, ed. Smith.) [T. H. D.] THEODOSIO'POLIS, in Mysia. [Peupkuena.] THKON OCHEMA. [Libya, p. 179, b.] THEOPHA'NIUS {Qiocpavws, Ptol. v. 9. § 3), a river of Asiatic Sarmatia, which fell into the Pains Maeotis, between the greater and less Ehombitcs. (Cf. Amm. Marc. xxii. 8. § 29.) [T. H. D.] THEO'POLIS. This place in Gallia, with a pure Greek name, was near Sisteron, in the depart- ment of Basses-Alpes, on the left bank of the Dru- entia (Duratice). An inscription cut on the slope of a rock in honour of Dardanus, praefect of the Praetorium of Gallia in the time of Honorius, and in honour of his mother, informs us that they made a road for this town by cutting both sides of the mountains, and they gave it walls and gates. The place is still called Theoiix, and there are said to be remains there. (D'Anville, Notice, &c) [G.L.J THERA (@vpa., Ion. &i)pt : Eth. Q-npa'ios: Santorin), an island in the Aegaean sea, and the chief of the Sporades, is described by Strabo as 200 stadia in circumference, opposite the Cretan island of Dia, and 700 stadia from Crete it.self. (Stiab. X. p. 484.) Pliny places Thera 25 Roman miles S. of los (iv. 12. s. 23). Thera is said to have been formed by a clod of earth thrown from the sliij) Argo, to have received the name of Calliste, when it first emerged from the sea, and to have been first inhabited by the Phoenicians, who were left there by Cadmus. Eight generations afterwards it wa.s colonised by Lacedaemonians and Minyue under the guidance of the Spartan Theras, the .son of Autesioii, who gave his name to the island, (llomd. iv. 147, seq.; Pind. Pyfh. iv. 457; Callin. ap. Strab. viii. p. 347, X. p. 484; Ajwll. L'hod. iv. 1762; Paus. iii. 1. § 7, iii. 15. § 6, vii. 2. § 2.) Its only im- portance in history is owing to its being tlic mollier- citv of Cyrene in Africa, which wiis founded l)y Ba'ttus of Thera in B.C. 631. (Uerod. iv. 1.50, seii ) At this time Thera contained seven districts 4 r. H
