TIBURES. the pavement are in complete preservation. Under a rock on the rii^ht is an ancient artificial cave, called by the local antiquaries II Tempio del Mondo, but which was probably either a sepulchre, or one of those caves consecrated by the ancients to the rustic tutelary deities. This road joins the Via Constan- tia before mentioned, leading up to the ruins of the so-called villa of Maecenas. Outside the Porta S. Croce is a district called Carciano, a corruption of the name of Cassianum which it bore in the 10th century, derived from a magnificent villa of the gens Cassia which was si- tuated in it. In the time of Zappi, in the 16th century, a great part of this building was extant. The splendour of this residence is attested by the numerous beautiful statues found there, many of which were acquired by Pope Pius VI. and now adorn the Vatican. In the neighbourhood of Tibur are also the remains of several aqueducts, as tlie Anio Vetus, the Aqua Marcia, and the Aqua Claudia. The mins of the sumptuous villa of Hadrian lie about 2 miles S. of the town. A description of it would be too long for this place, and it will suffice to say that, in a circuit of about 8 miles, it embraced, besides the imperial palace and a barracks for the t:iiar<l, a Lyceum, an Academy, a fac-simile of the i'wecile at Athens and of the .Serapeum at Alexan-
- i, a vale of Tempe, a Tartarus, a tract called the
■ sian Fields, a stream called the Euripus, numerous tuples, &c. (Cf. Nibby, Vmggio Antiqnario, vol. i.; - 1 iiiilisi delUi Carta de Dintorni di Rama, v. viii. ; • nil, Topography of Rome and its vicinity, ed. Iluiibury; Ant. del ilc, Aiitickita Tiburtine; Ca- Irile and F. del Re', Delia Villa e de' Monumenti 'iiitichi della Citta e del Territorio di Tivoli ; Santo
lola, Storia di Tlvoll; Keller, De vetere cum novo
Ti'mre comparato : concernini; the villa of Hadrian, ['i'vo hh^oYw, Piaiita della Villa Tiburlina; Fea, dp. W inckelmann. ii. p. 379.) [T. H. D.] TIBUKES or TIBUKI {TuSovpiav in gen., Ptol. ii. G. § .37), a branch of the Astures in Hispania Tarraconensis, whose principal town was Nemeto- briira. [T. H. D.] TIC HIS {Tech), a river of Gallia Narbonensis, placed by Mela (ii. 5) in the " Ora Sardonum " [Sai:done.s]. The Tichis is the Tecum of Pliny (ill. 4). The Tet and the Tech, two small rivers, c riiss the territory of Roussillon from west to east. The Tichis is named lUiberis or Illeris by other writers. [Iluberis.] [G. L.] TI'CHIUM. [Teichium.] TICHIUSSA (Tftxiovaau.), is mentioned twice by Thucydides (viii. 26, 28) as a fortified place in Caria in the territory of Miletus. Stephanus B. ; speaks of it under the name of T€ix^6(ffaa, and Athenaeus knew it under the name of Tetx'ovs (viii. i p. 351.) It seems to have been situatod on the north coast of the b.iy of lassus. [L. S.] TICHOS or TEICHOS. [Dymk.] TICINUM (Tkivoj': /M. Ticinensis: Pavia), a city of Gallia Transpadana, situated on the river TicinuK, from which it derived its name, about 5 miles above the junction of that stream with the Padus. According to Pliny it was founded by the two tribes of the L;ievi and Marici, at the period of the first Gaulish immigrations into tliis part of Italy. (Pliii. iii. 17. s. 21.) But it is remarkab'e that no mention is found of any town on the site during the operations of P. Scipio against Hannibal in b. c. 218, thoufrh he must have crossed the Ticinus in the immediate neighbourhood, of the spot where the TICINUM. I2n.5 city afterwards stood. It is probable, indeed, that in this, as in many other cases, the rise of a town upon the spot was mainly owing to the existence of a convenient passage across the river. There .•seem.s no reason to doubt that under the Roman covern- ment Ticinum had grown up into a considerable municipal town before the close of the Republic, though its name is not noticed in history. But it is mentioned by all the geographers, and repeat- edly figures in history during the Roman Empire. It is included by Ptolemy among the cities of the Insubres, and would naturally be so reckoned, though not of Insubrian origin, as soon as the river Ticinus came to be considered as the boundary of that people. (Strab. v. p. 217; Plin. iii. 17. s.'2I ; Ptol. iii. 1. § 36.) The earliest mention of Ticinum in history is on occasion of the death of Urusus, the father of Ger- nianicus, when we are told that Augustus advanced as far as Ticinum to meet his funeral procession. (Tac. Ann. iii. 5.) Its name is also repeatedly mentioned during the civil wars of a.d. 69, when its position on the great highroad that led from the foot of the Alps to join the Aeinilian Way at Pla- centia, rendered it an important post. It was the scene of a serious sedition among the troops of Vitellius, while th?.t emperor halted there. (Id. Hist. ii. 17, 27, 30, 68, 88.) At a later p-riod it was at Ticinum that the emperor Clauilius (the second of the name) was saluted with the imperial title, while he was commanding the garrison of the city. (Vict. Caes. 33, J-Jjiit. 34.) It was there also that Con- stantius took leave of his nephew Julian, whom he had just raised to the rank of Caesar. (Ammian. XV. 8. § 18.) From those frequent notices of Tici- num it seems probable that it had already risen under tlie Roman Empire into a flourishing muni- cipal town, and derived importance from its position, the great highroad which formed the continuation of the Aemilian Way from Placentia to the fcot of the Alps passing through Ticinum, until the in- creasing importance of Mediolanum, which became the second capital of Italy, made it customary to proceed through that city instead of following the direct route, {/tin. Ant. pp. 283, 340, 347.) But though Ticinum was undoubtedly a con- siderable town under the Roman Empire, it was not till after the fall of that empire that it rose to the position it sub-sequently occuj)ied. In a. d. 4.52, indeed, it had sustained a great calamity, having been taken and devastated by Attila (Jornand. (let. 42); but the Gothic king Theodoric, being struck with the importance of its jiosition, not only rai.--ed it from its ruins, but erected a royal palace there, and strengthened the city with fresh fortifications, until it became one of the strongest fortres.scs in this part of Italy. It con.sequi'ntly bears an important part in the Gothic wars, that people having made it their chief stronghold in the north of Italy (Procop. B. (!. ii. 12, 25, iii. 1, iv. 32, &c.), in which the royal treasures and other valuables were de|M]siled. At the tinie of the Lombard invasion, it ollercd a pro- longed resistance to the arms of Alboin, and w.is not taken by that nioiiarch till alter a siege of more than three years, a. d. 570 (P. Diac. HUt. Liiiiij. ii. 26, 27). It thenceforth became the residence of the Lombard kings, and the cajiital of the kingdom of Italy, and continued to liolil this i>o.-itl(in till A.I). 774, when I)e.>iilerius, the la.-il of the Lombard kings, was compelled to surrender the city to Charle- magne, after a blockade of more than 15 months. 4 II 3
