TIGRIS. course to the SW., it completely unites with that river, at a place called by Pliny {I. c.) Dii^ha, 1000 stadia above their common embouchure in the Persian gulf. JIany of the ancients were aware that the two rivers joined one another, and had a com- mon mouth (Plin. ib.; Strab. ii. p. 79; Procop. li. P. i. 17, &c.), whilst others were of opinion that the Euphrates had a separate embouchure (Onesi- crUns, ap. Sirab. xv. p. 729; Arrian, Aiiah. I.e.; and Ind. 41; Nearch. p. 37, Huds.). But even those who reco^rnised their junction were not agreed as to which stream it was that received the other, and whether their united course, now the Shat-el- Arab. should be called Tigris or Euphrates. Most writers adopted the former name, but Nearchus and Oiicsioritus preferred that of the Euphrates (cf. Arrian, Indie. 41). It is not impossible, however, tiiat the Euphrates may at one time have had a separate mouth (cf. Plin. I. c. ; Ritter, Erdk. x. p. 27). There was also a difference of opinion as to the number of mouths by which the united stream emptied itself into the Persian gulf. Its western mouths were entirely unknown to the ancient Greeks, as Antiochus Epiphanes was the first who caused the coast to the W. of the Tigris to be accurately surveyed ; and amongst later conquerors, Trajan alone penetrated as far as this neighbour- liood. Hence the ancient Greeks, as well as Pliny (if. c), speak of only one mouth, the breadth of ivhich is given by the latter at 10 miles. Ptolemy, however, mentions two mouths (vi. 3. § 2) at a ilistance of 1^ degrees apart, which is confirmed by Onesicritus (ap. Philostorg. ///.•;*. Eccl. iii. 7, 8), according to whom the island between these mouths was inhabited by the Jleseni. But probably by the eastern mouth was meant that of the river Eulaeus, the present Karun. one arm of which unites with the Tigris, whilst the other falls into the sea by an independent mouth. This river was also called Pasitigris by the ancients (Jlaa'ni'ypis, Strab. xv. p. 729), that is, " the little Tigris," from the old Persian V!on pas, signifying "small;" whence also among the modern Persians it bears the name of Didjlnhi-Kudak, which means the same thing. Hence we may explain how the united stream of the Tigris and Eujihrates itself was throughout its course called Pasitigris by some writers (Strab. I. c. ; Plin. I. c); whilst others regarded the Pasitigris as (|uite a separate stream, rising in the territory of tliB Uxii, and di.semboguing into the Persian gulf (Nearch. ap. Strab. I. c. ; Arrian, /wr^. 42; Diodor. xvii. 67; Curt v. 3, init). This last view would make it identical with the present Karun (cf Kinneir, Mem. p. .'J9 ; Gosselin, Recherchcs, (fc. ii. p. 86, sqq; Vincent, Peripl. iii. p. 67, not. &c.). The other affluents of the Tigris were the Nice- phorius or Centritis, the Zabatus or Lycus, the Bumailus, the Caprus, the Tornadotus or Torna, apparently the same as the Physcus of Xenophon (^Anxb. ii. 4. § 2.5), the Gyndcs or Dclas, the Cboaspes, and the Coprates, which fell into the main stream after joining the Eulaeus. All these rivers were on the left or eastern bank of the Tigris. The stream of the Tigris was very rajiid, and according to Strabo (p. .'J29) from its very source; whilst Pliny (/. c.) more correctly ascribes this quality only to its lower cour.se. It was, in fact, owing to the large quantity of water which the Tigris- received by means of the canals which connected it with the Euphrates, none of which was returned through the same channels, owing to the TILURIUM. 1209 bed of the Tigris being at a lower level. (Arrian, I. c; Dion Cass. Ixviii. 28; Strab. I. c. Hor. Od. iv. 14, 46; Lucan, iii. 2.56, &c.) In ancient times many dams had been constructed in its course from Opis to its mouth, designed to retain its waters for the purpose of irrigating the adjoining districts (cf. Heeren, Ideen, i. 2. p. 171 ; Ta vernier, Voi/oyes, i. p. 18.5; Nieliuhr, Jiewe, ii. p. 243). These, how- ever, were all cut through by Alexander, in order to improve the navigation, which began as high up as Opis (Arrian, I. c. ; Strab. 739, sq.) Between Mosul and the confluence of the greater Zab, and 3 hours' journey above the latter, there still remains an ancient dam of masonry thrown across the stream (Ritter, Erdkunde, x. p. 5, sqq.). [T. H. D.j TIGUADUA, a small island off the coast of Spain, opposite the town of Palnia, in the island of Balcaris Major. (Plin. iii. 5. s. 11.) [T. H. 1).] TKiURINUS PAGUS. [Hei.vktii.] TILADAE (TiAaSci, Ptol. vii. 2. § 1.5), a race who lived under the Mons Maeandrus in Westein India. They are probably the same as the Taluet.te of Pliny (vi." 19. s. 22). [Taluctak.] [V.] TILAVEMPTUS (TiAaoue/UTrros : TagliamenUi), a river of Venetia, which has its sources in the Alps, above 80 miles from the sea, and after tra- versing the broad plain of the Fi-ioul, falls into the Adriatic sea between Aquileia and Concordia. (Plin. iii. 18. s. 22; Ptol. iii. 1. § 26.) It is the most considerable river in this part of Italy, and, like all the neighbouring rivers, is subject to bo sw(]llen by floods and winter rains, so that it leaves a broad bed of shingle, great [lart of which is dry at ordinary seasons. The name is found in Piiny and Ptolemy; and it is doubtless the same river which is described by Strabo, though without men- tioning its name, as separating the territory of Aquileia from the province of Venetia, and which he s.ays was navigable for 1200 stadia from its mouth. (Strab. v. p. 214.) This Utst statement is indeed a great exaggeration; but the valley of the TagUamento is one of the natural openings of this part of the Alps, and was followed by the linn of a Roman road, which proceeded from Acpiileia by Julium Carnicum {Zutjlio) over the pass of the Monte di Sla Crvce into the valley of the (j<iil. [Alpe,s, p. 110.] Pliny speaks (I. c.) of a " Tilaventum ni;iJMs minusque," but it is impossible to say what river he meant to designate under the latter ap[iellatioii. The name is written in the Tabula Tiliabinte, while it assumes very nearly its modern form in tho Geographer of Ravenna. (Taliamenium, (ieogr. l^jiv. iv. 36.) [K. n. B.] TILENE, in Gallia. The name is File in tho Table, or Filen.a as some say. l)"Anville altered it to Tileiie, and he finds the place on a road in tho Table from Andoniatunum (/,««<//■<'.<) to C.iliil- loiuim (^C/iulloii-siir-Saone). The place is Til-lf- Chateau, the Tile Ca-strum of the cleventli century. Some document.^ of that time h.-ive Tiriciustrnm Hiid Tricastel, and accordingly the place is vnb-'arly called Tn'-rhi'it<nu or Tri-clnilriiii. [G. L.] T1I.1'II()SS. FON.S. I r...i,..rtA. p. 412. a. J TILPHO'SSIL'.M or TIEPUUSSAKL'M. [H..K. oriA. p. 412, a. J TILURIU.M (Geo^r. Rav. iv. 31), or Tri.rKi I'nNS (///n. Atit. p. 3.37), a jilace in Dalmatia, on the river Tilurus. It ajqK'ars to bo the same plaio as the Tribuhum of I'linv (iii. 22. s. 26). Now Trigl. ' [T. H. D.J
