1222 TRASIMENUS LACUS. siderable town was situated on its shores : Perusia, from which it derives its modern name of the Logo di Perugia, stands on a lofty hill about 10 miles to the E. of it; Clusium is situated about 9 miles to tlie SW. and Cortona between 6 and 7 to the NW. The hia;hroad from Arretium to Perusia followed the northern shore of the lake for a considerable distance. The lake Trasimenus derives its chief celebrity from the great victory obtained upon its shores by Hannibal over the Roman consul, C. Flaminius, li. c. 217, one of the greatest defeats sustained by the Roman arms during the whole course of their history. The circumstances of this battle are more clearly related and more readily understood with reference to the actual localities than those of any of the other great battles of Hannibal. The Car- thaginian genera], after cros.sing the Apennines, and effecting his toilsome march through the marshes of Etruria, had encamped in the neigh- bourhood of Faesulae (Pol. iii. 80, 82). Flaminius was at this time posted with his army at Arretium, and Hannibal, whose object was to draw him into a general battle, moved along the upper valley of the Arnus, and passing within a short distance of the consul's camp, advanced along the road towards Rome (i. e. by Perusia), laying waste the country as he advanced. Flaminius on this hastily broke up his camp, and followed the Carthaginian army. Hannibal had already passed the city of Cortona on his left, and was advancing along the N. shore of the lake, which lay on his right hand, when, learn, ing that Flaminius was following him, he deter- mined to halt and await his attack, taking advan- tage of the strong position which offered itself to him. (Pol. iii. 82"^; Liv. xxii. 4.) The hills which extend from Cortona to the lake, called by Livy the " montes Cortonenses,"' and now known as the Monte Gualandro, descend completely to the bank of the lake, or at least to the marshes that border it, at a point near the NVV. angle of the lake, now marked by a village and a round tower called Borghetto. This spur of the hills completely separates tiie basin of the lake from the plains below Cortona, and it is not until after surmounting it that the traveller by the modern road comes in sight of the lake, as well as of the small plain or valley, shut in between its N. shore and the Giialandro, which was the actual scene of the catastrophe. " Arrived at the highest point of the road, the traveller has a partial view of the fatal plain, which opens fully upon him as he de- scends the Gualandro. He soon finds himself in a vale, enclosed to the left, and in front, and behind him by the Gualandro hills, bending round in a segment larger than a semicircle, and running down at each end to the lake, which obliques to the riijht and forms the chord of this mountain arc. The position cannot be guessed at from the plains of Cortona, nor appears to be so completely enclosed, unless to one who is fairly within the hills. It then indeed appears a place made as it were on purpose for a snare, ' locus insidiis natus.' (Liv. xxii. 4.) Borghetto is then found to stand in a narrow marshy pass close to the hill and to the lake, ■whilst there is no other outlet at the opposite tui'n of the mountains than through the little town of Passignano, which is pushed into the water by the foot of a high rocky acclivity. There is a woody eminence branching down from the mountains into the upper end of the plain nearer to the site of Passignano, and on this stands a village called TRASIMENUS LACUS. Torre" (more properly Tuoro). (Hobhouse, Xotes and Illustrations to Childe Harold, canto iv. st. 63.) From this description of the localities by an eye- witness, which agrees almost exactly with that given by Livy (xxii. 4), the details of the battle are ren- dered perfectly clear. Hannibal occupied the hill last-mentioned with the main body of his troops, his heavy-armed African and Spanish infantry, while he sent round his light-armed troops to occupy the slopes of Monte Gualandro on his right, so as to threaten the left flank of the advancing Roman army, while he posted his cavalry and the Gaulish troops on the hills on the left between Borghetto and the present road. Flaminius advanced the next morning almost before daylight, while a thick fog rising from the lake still further concealed the posi- tion of the enemy. He therefore advanced through the pass, in ignorance of the bodies of troops that hung upon both his flanks, and, seeing only the array in front on the hill of Tiwro, began to draw up his forces for battle in the plain in front of them. But before he was able to commence the engage- ment, he found himself suddenly attacked on all sides at once: the surprise was complete, and the battle quickly became a mere promiscuous massacre. Flaminius himself fell early in the day, and num- bers of the Roman troops were driven into the lake, and either perished in its waters or were put to the sword by the enemy's cavalry. A body of about 6000 men having forced their way through tlio enemy, occupied a hill on which there stood an Etruscan vilLage, but finding themselves wholly isolated, surrendered the next day to JIaharbal. Sixteen thousand Roman troops perished in this disastrous battle : the site of the chief slaughter is still marked by a little rivulet which traverses the plain, and is known at the present day by the name of the Sanguineto* (Hobhouse, Z.c.) The details of the battle are given by Polybius (iii. 83, 84) and Livy (xxii. 4 — 6). It is remarkable that in this instance the localities are much more clearly and accurately described by Livy than by Polybius: the account given by the latter author is not incom.patible with the existing local details, but would not be easily understood, unless we were able to correct it by the certainty that the battle took place on this par- ticular spot. The narratives of Appian and Zonaras add nothing to our knowledge of the battle. (Ap- pian, Annib. 9, 10; Zonar. viii. 25.) Numerous allusions to and notices of the memorable slaughter at the lake of Trasimene are found in the later Roman writers, but they have preserved no ad- ditional circumstances of interest. The well-known story related by Livy, as well as by Pliny and later writers, that the fury of the combatants rendered them unconscious of the shock of an earthquake, which occurred during the battle, is easily under- stood without any prodigy, such shocks being fre- quently very local and irregular phenomena. (Plin. ii. 84. s. 86, xv. 18. s. 20; Cic. c?e N. D. ii. 3,
- The name of Ossaja, a village on the road
from Cortona to the lake, has been thought to be also connected with the slaughter of the battle, but this is very improbable. Ossaja is several miles distant from the lake, and on the other side of the hills. (Hobhouse, I. c.) It is probable moreover that the modern name is only a corruption of Orsaja or Orsaria. (Niebuhr, Lectures, vol. ii. p. 102.)
