TYNDARIS. Tyndaris expelled the Caithatjinian garrison, and joined the Roman alliance. (Diod. xsiii. p. 505.) We hear but little of Tyndaris under the Roman government, but it apjiears to have been a flourishing and considerable city. Cicero calls it " nobilissinia civitas " {VeiT. iii. 43), and we learn from him that the inhabitants had displayed their zeal and fidelity towards the Romans upon many occasions. Among others they supplied naval forces to the armament of Scipio Ai'ricanus the Younger, a service for which lie requited them by restoring them a statue of Jler- cury which had been carried off by the Carthagi- nians, and which continued an object of great vene- ration in the city, till it was again carried oft" by tlie rapacious Verres. (Cic. Verr. iv. 39 — 42, v. 47.) Tyndaris was also one of seventeen cities which had been selected by the Roman senate, apparently as an lionorary distinction, to contribute to certain oflerings to the temple of Venus at Kryx. (76. v. 47 ; Zumpt, ad loc. ; Diod. iv. 83.) In other respects it had no peculiar privileges, and was in the condi- tion of an ordinary municipal town, with its own magistrates, local senate, &c., bat was certainly in tlie time of Cicero one of the most considerable places in the island. It, however, suffered severely from the exactinns of Verres (Cic. Veri: II. cc), and the inhabitants, to revenge themselves on their oppressor, publicly demolished his statue as soon as he had quitted the island. (lb. ii. C6.) Tyndaris again bore a considerable part in the war between Sextus Pompeius and Octavian (b. c. 3G). It was one of the points occupied and fortified by the former, when preparing for the defence of the Sici- lian straits, but was taken by Agripjia after his naval victory at Jlylae, and became one of his chief posts, from which he carried on offensive warfare against Pompey. (Appian, B. C. v. 105, 109, 116.) Sub- .sequently to this we hear nothing more of Tyndaris in history ; but there is no doubt of its having con- tinued to subsist throughout the period of the Roman Empire. Strabo speaks of it as one of the places on the N. coast of Sicily which, in his time, still de- served the name of cities ; and Pliny gives it the title of a Colonia. It is probable that it received a colony under Augustus, as we find it bearing in an inscription the titlesof "Colonia Augusta Tyndarita- iioruni." (Strab. vi. p. 272 ; Plin. iii. 8. s. 14 ; Ptol. iii. 4. § 2 ; Orell. hiscr. 955.) Pliny indeed mentions a great calamity which the city had sus- tained, when (he tells us) half of it was swallowed up by the sea, probably from an earthquake having caused the fall of part of the hill on which it stands, but we have no clue to the date of this event; (Plin. ii. 92. s. 94.) The Itineraries attest the ex- istence of Tyndaris, apparently still as a considerable place, in the fourth century. (Itin. Ant. j)p. 90, 93; Tab. Pent.) The site of Tyndaris is now wholly deserted, but the name is retained by a church, which crowns the most elevated point of the hill on which the city formerly stood, and is still called the Madonna di Tindaro. It is 650 feet above the sea-level, and forms a conspicuous landmark to sailors. Consi- derable ruins of the ancient city are also visible. It occupied the whole plateau or summit of the hill, and the remains of the ancient walls may be traced, at in- tervals, all round the brow of the clitfs, except in one part, facing the sea, where the cliff is now quite preci- pitous. It is not improbable that it is here that a part of the clitF fell in, in the manner recorded by Pliny (ii. 92. s. 94). Two gates of the city are also TYRACIA. 1247 still distinctly to be traced. The chief monuments, of which the ruins are stiil extant within the circuit of the walls, are: the theatre, of which the remains are in imperfect condition, but sufficient to show that it was not of large size, and apparently of Roman construction, or at least, like that of Tauromeniuui, rebuilt in Roman times upon the Greek foundations; a large edifice with two hand.some stone ai-ches, com- monly called a Gymnasium, but the real purpose of which is very difficult to determine; sever.al other edi- fices of Roman times, but of wholly uncertain cha- racter, a mosaic pavement, and some Roman tombs. (Serra di Falco, Antichita della Sicilia, vol. v. ])art vi.; Smyth's 6Ya7y, p. 101; Uoares Clas.ncal Tom; vol. ii. p. 217, &c.) Numerous inscriptions, frag- ments of sculpture, and architectural decorations, as well as coins, vases, &c. have also been discovered on the site. [E. H B.] TYNDIS (Tw5(s, Ptol. vii. ]. § 16), a river of India intra Gangem, which flowed into the Boy of Bengal. There is great doubt which of two rivers, the Slanades (Ufahandda) or the Maesolus {Goda- very), represents this stream. According to Mannert it was the southern branch of the former river (v. 1 . p. 173). But, on the whole, it is more likely that it is another name for the Godavery. [V.] TVNIDRUMENSE OPP. [Thunudromon.] TYNNA (Ti;;'i'a), a place in Cataonia or the southern part of Cappadocia, in the neighbourhood of Faustinopolis, is mentioned only by Ptolemy (v. 7. § 7). [L. S.] TYPAEUS. [Olympia.] TYPA'KEAE (Ti/rrweai, Polyb. Steph, B.; Tv^- Tzavkai, Strab. ; Tvfxiri.viia, Ptol. : Etlt. Tvravi6.rr]s), a town of Triphylia in Elis, mentioned by Strabo along with Hypana. It was taken by Philip in the Social War. It was situated in the mountains in the interior of the country, but its exact site is un- certain. Leake supposes it to be represented by the ruins near Platiand; but Boblaye supposes these to be the remains of Aepy or Aepium [Akpy], and that Typaneae stood on the hill o{ JUah-ysia. (Strab. viii. p. 343 ; Polyb. iv. 77—79 ; Steph. B. s. v ; Ptol. iii. 16. § 18 ; Leake, 3Iorea, vol. ii. p. 82; Boblaye, Eecherclies, (Jc. p. 133; Ross, lieisenim relopon?>es,-p. 105 ; Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. ii. p. 89.) TYRA'CIA or TYEACI'NA (TvpaKtvai, Steph. B : Eth. Tyraciensis, Plin.), a city of Sicily, of which very little is known. It is noticed by Stephanus as " a small but flourishing city;" and the Tyracienses are mentioned by Pliny among the municipal communities of the interior of Sicily. (Steph. B. s. v.; Plin. iii. 8. s. 14.) It is doubtful whether the " Tyracinus, princcps civitatis," men- tioned by Cicero (Verr. iii. 56) is a citizen of Tyracia or one of Helorus who bore the )jroper name of Tyracinus. In either case the name was probably derived from the city: but though the existence of this is clearly established, wc are wholly without any clue to its position. Several writers would identify the Tkinaci.v (TpivMia) of Diodorus (xii. 29), which that writer describes iis having beeri one of the chief towns of the Siculi, until it was taken and destroyed by the •Syracusans in v.. v. 439, with the 'I'yracinae of Stephanus and Tyracia of Plir.y. Both names being otherwise unknown, the readings are in both cases uncertain: but Diodorus seems to represent Trinacia as having been totally destroyed, which would bufticienlly account for its not being again
