TvraTs. mis. (riaiil. I'nir. '2. ti, .^S; Xivj:^. (It'or;/. ii. hOCt; .Iiiv. x. .'iS; liill. xiv. (), ."vi-.) TJio I'oniu'r ot' tliosi' civniolo^ios is tlio jiivlcnibli' om (Shaw, 'I'mvila, ii. p. .'U.) The quostion of tho orii,'in o( Tvro lui.s hoen jihvMdy (li.si'iussoii, its cmuiueiTO, mainifiicturcs
- ir.ii colonics dcsciihcil, niul tlio piiiicipal events of
its liistoiy niinatcd at some length [ Tudknuma, p. t)08, sci).], and this article will theivlbre he more liaiticnl.'irly devoted to the topogvnphy, and to what may he called the n>:itei'ial histoiT, of the city. Str.iho (xvi. p. 7;")()) places Tyre at a distance of 'JDO stadia from Sidon, which pretty nearly .'i};rees with the dist.'inco of '24 miles assisjiied by the Itiii. Aitf. (p. 14!)) .'ind the Tub. Pculiiuj. It was hnilt partly on an island and partly on the mainland. Acciirding to I'liny (v. lit. s. 17) the islinnl was •J2 stadia, or 2.^ miles, in I'ircund'crence, find w.as orii^inally separated from the continent by a deep channel ■fjths of a mile in breadth. In his time, however, iis well lus lent; previously (cf. Strah. /. c), it was connected with the m:unland by an isthnms formed by the mole or canscway constructed by Alexander when he was hcsie^ina; 'lyre, and by Kibseiincnt accnnmlalions of sand. Some authorities state the chaimel to have been only '. stadi.a (Scylax, ]). 42) or 4 stadia broad (Diodor. Sic. xvii. Ol); Curt. iv. 2); and Arrian (^Anab. ii. IS) describes it as shallow ne.ar the continent and oldy (> ialhonis in depth at its deepest jiarl near the island. 'J'hc aecietion of the isthnms nmst have been consider- able in the course of gc». William of Tyro de- .scribos it in the time of the Crusades as ii bow-sliot across (xiii. 4); the I'ero l{oj,'er makes it only .Ol) ]iaces (7V;t(! Salute, p. 41); hut at present it is about . of a mile broad at its narrowest part, near the island. That part of the cily which lay on the mainland was called I'alae-Tyrus, or Old Tyro; an appellation from which wo necessarily infer that it existed jire- viously to the city on iho isl.and; and this mference is conlirmed by Kx.ekiel's jiroplietical description of the sicije of Tyre by Nchnchadiicx/ar, kini,' of |!:i- bylon, tlu^ i)arlicid.irs of which are not huit.aliic to an island city. I'alae-Tyrus extended alonj; the shore from the river Leontes on tiic N., to tho fonn- taiu of ]'ax-cl-Aiii on the S., a space of 7 miles; which, however, imist have inchuled the suburbs.
hen Strabo says (svi. j). 7.')S) that I'alae-Tyrus
was IW stadia, or ;J-{ miles, dist.int from 'I'yre, ho is proiiably considerinj; the southern extremity of the tormer. I'liny (/. c.) assijjns ii circumference of 10 miles to the two cities. Tho plain in wdiieh I'alae-Tyrus was silimtcd was one of tho broadest .and most fertile in riioeuicia. The fouut.ain above mentioncil afl'cjrded a constant su]>ply of ])iu'(i s]irini; w.iter, which was received into an octagon reservoir, (iO feel in diameter ami 18 feet dccji. Into this re- servoir the water gushes to within ',i I'cet of tlu! top. (M.iimdrell, Journey, p. 67.) lleuce it was distri- buted through tho town by means of an aqueduct, .all truce of which has now disajjpeared (llobiuson, J'alest.'xn. Y- G84.) The nnusual contrast between the bustle of a great seajiort and the mure traM(|uil operations of rural life in the fertile fields wlnih surrounded the town, jire.senled a striking scene which is described with much felicity in tla^ Ihaiii/- fidrit of Nounus (40, ;127, S(ji|.). Tho island on which tln^ new city was built is the largest rock of a belt that runs along this pari of the coast. We haV(! no means of determining th<' origin of the island city; but it must of course liavc vol.. II. Tvrrs. 1210 arisen iu the period between Kcbuchadne//.ar and Alexander the (.inat. 'i'be alterations which the coast has undergone at this part render it dillicult to determine the original si/.e of tho island. M.um- drell (p. fit)) tvstimated it at only 40 acres; but he was guided solely by his eye. The city was sur- rounded with a w.all. the height of which, where it faced the maiidand, was l.'iO feet. (Arrian, Amih. ii. 18.) The foundations of this w.all, which nuisl have marked the limits of the island .as well as of the city, may still be di.cerned, hut have not been iu:curately traced. Tho nic.'isurement of I'liny bet'ore cited nmst ilouhfless inchule the subse(|uent accre- tions, both natur.al and artificial. The smallue.ss of the are.a was. however, couipeu.'-ated by the great height, of the houses of Tyre, wbiili were not built after the eastern fashion, but story upon storv, like those of .radns, another I'hoenician island city (Mela, ii. 7), or like the iusul.Mc of IJome. (Strah. /. r.) Thus a much Larger jiopnlation nnght bo ac- connuod.ited tb;m the .are.a ^eems to jiromise. lier- tou, C'dcnlating from the latter alone, estinmtes the inhabit.ants of insidar Tyro .at between 22,tK)l> and 2;!,I>(I0. ('/o/Ki'/r. f/c Ti/r, p. 17.) But tho ac- counts of the capture of Tyro by Ab'xander, as will appear in tho .se(|uel, show .i ]'opiilalion of at li-ast doidilo that nundier; and it should he recollecteil that, from the maritime luu'snits of the Tyrians, .a Large portion of them nmst have bi'cu coustjintly at sea. iMcneover, ))art of tho western side of tho island is now submerged, to the extent of more fh.au a mile; and that this was onco occupied by the city is shown by the bases of colmnns which may still ho discerned. 'I'heso remains were mncli more considerable in the timi" of Heujamin of Tu- dcla. in the l.Mtter jiart of the 12th century, who mentions th:it towers, markets, streets, and bails might be oh.served at the bottom of the sea (p. (12, ed. Asher). Insular Tyre was much imi)roved by king Hiram, who in this respect was Iho Augustus of tho city. He a<ldeil to it one of the islands lying to the N., by lining up the intervening spaci'. 'ibis island, the outline of which can no longer he traced, ]ireviously contained a templo of 15aal, or, according to the (Ircek w.ay of speaking, of tho Olympian Jupiter. (.losepli. <•. Apiim, i. 17.) It was by the sjiace thus gained, as well as by sukst ructions on the eastern side of the island, that llir.am was enabled to enlarge ami beautify 'I'yre, and to form an extensive imblic place, which the (ireeks called Kurychorns. The aitilici.al ground which Hiram formed for this i)Ur|iu.so may still be traced by tho loose rubbish of which it con- sists. Tho li-ei|uent earth(|uakcs with which 'I'yre has been visited (Sen. (I A', ii. 2(1) have rendeiid it diflicult. to trace its ancicMit idnfiguratiou; and .alterations have been observc-d even since the reiiiit one of 18.'(7 (Keiuick, l'h<i<tucia, p. it.'i.'l, Ikv.). The iiowerfiil uaies of Tyro were received and sl'.oltcred in two roadsteads and two harbours, ow on the N., the other on the S. siilc! of tho islaml. The northeru, or Siiloniaii roadsleail, so called be- caus(^ it looked towards Sidon (Aiiian, ii. 20), was )irotecled by the chain of small isl.inds already men- tioned. 'J'lie barlHair which adjoined it was formed by a natural inlet (ai the NK. hide of the islauil. On the N., from which ipiarler iiloiui it was exposed to tho wind, it was lendcrcil .vcclire by two sea-walls rniming parallel to each other, at a dist.mce of I 00 feel apart, as shown in the annexed plan, roitions (,f these walls mav still be tiand. Thi' eastern side I 1.
