UTICA call it liev alliance with, Carthage, and, with other cities of N. Africa, to have joined the Sicilian Aga- thocles, the opponent of Carthage; to have afterwards revolted from that conqueror, but to have been again re- duced to obedience (Diod. xx. 1 7, 54 : cf. Polyb. i. 82). In the First Punic War, Utica remained faithful to Carthage ; afterwards it joined the Libyans, but was compelled to submit by the victorious Carthaginians (Polyb. ib. 88 : Diod. Fr. xxv.). In the Second Punic War also we find it in firm alliance with Carthage, to ■whose fleets the excellent harbour of Utica was very serviceable. But this exposed it to many attacks from the Iiomans, whose freebooting excursions were fre- quently directed against it from Lilybaeum, as well as to a more regular, but fruitless siege by Scipio himself (Liv.xxv. 31,xxvii. 5, xviii. 4, xxix. 35, x.-sx. 3, &c. ; Polyb. xiv. 2 ; Appian, Pu7iic. 16, 25, 30). In the third war, however, the situation of Carthage being now hopeless, the Uticenses indulged their ancient grudge against that city, and made their submission to Eonie by a separate embassy (Polyb. xxxvi. 1 ; Appian, Pun. 75, 110, 113). This step greatly increased the material prosperity of Utica. After the destruction of Carthage, the Romans pre- sented Utica with the fertile district lying between that city and Hippo Diarrhytus. It became the chief town of the province, the residence of the Roman governor, the principal emporium for the Roman commerce, and the port of debarcation for the Roman armaments destined to act in the interior of Africa. Owing to this intimate connection with Rome, the name of Utica appears very frequently in the later history of the republic, as in the accounts of the Jugurthine War, of the war carried on by Pompey at the head of Sulla's faction, against the Marian party under Domitius and his ally the Numidian king larbas, and in the struggle between Caesar and the Pom- peians, with their ally Juba. It is unnecessary to quote the numerous passages in which the name of Utica occurs in relation to these events. In the last of these wars, Utica was the scene of the celebrated death of the younger Cato, so often related or ad- verted to by the ancients (Plut. Cat. Min. 58, seq. : Dion Cass.xliii. 10, sqq. ; Val. Max. iii. 2. § 14; Cic. pro Ligai . 1, &c. ; cf. Diet, of Bioyr. Vol. I. p. 649). Augustus presented the Uticenses with the Roman cii-itas, partly as a reward for the inclination which they had manifested for the party of his uncle, and partly also to indemnify them for the rebuilding of Carthage (Dion Cass. xlix. 16 ; cf. Sext. Rufus, Bi-ev. 4). We know nothing more of Utica till the time of Hadrian, who visited N. Africa in his ex- tensive travels, and at whose desire the city changed its ancient constitution for that of a Roman colony (Spartian. Eadr. 13; Cell. N. Att. xvi. 13). Thus it appears in the Tab. Pent, with the appellation of Colonia, as well as in an inscription preserved in the museum of Leyden {Col. Jul. Ael. Iladr. Utic, ap. Janssen, Mus. IaujiI. Batav. Inscr. Gr. et Lat.). Septimius Severus, an African by birth, endowed it, as well as Carthage and his birthplace Leptis Magna, with the Jus Italicum. We find the bishops ■ of Utica frequently mentioned in the Christian period from the time of the great Synod under Cyprian of Carthage in 256, down to 684, when a bislmp of Utica appeared in the Council of Toledo. The city is said to have witnessed the martyrdom of 300 persons at one time (cf. Morcelli, Afr. Christ, i. p. 362, ii. p. 150 ; Jlunter, Frimod. Eccl. Afr. p. 32 ; Augustin, c. Bonat. vii. 8). Utica probably fell with Carthage, into the hands of the Vandals under VOL. II. VULTUR MONS. 1329 Genseric in 439. Subsequently it was recovered by the Byzantine emperors, but in the reign of the Chalif Abdelmalek was conquered by the Arabians under Hassan ; and though it appears to have been again recovered by John the prefect or patrician, it finally sank under the power of the Saracens during the reign of the same Chalif, and on its second cap- ture was destroyed (cf. Papencordt, die Vandal Ilerr- schaft in Afr. p. 72, sq., 151, sq. ; Weil, Gesch. der Chalifer, i. p. 473, sqq. ; Gibbon, Decl. and Fall, vi. 350, sqq. ed. Smith). The remains of its marbles and columns were carried away in the preceding century, to serve as materials for the great mosque of Tunis (Semilassn, p. 43.) Several coins of Utica are extant bearing the heads of Tiberius or Livia ; a testimony perhaps of the gratitude of the city for the rights bestowed upon it by Augustus (cf. Mionnet, Med. Ant. vi. p. 589 ; Supp. viii. p. 208). , >^ [T. H. D.] UTIDAVA {OvriHve^ V'm^m. 8. § 7), a town in Dacia, E. of theAjjJIfi; Identified with the ruins at Kosmin, near the confluence of the Kutsclmr and the Pruth (cf. Ukert, iii. pt. ii. p. 620.) [T. H. D.] UTII {OvTwi), one of the nations belonging to the fourteenth satrapy of the Persian empire (Herod, iii. 93), which was armed in the same manner as the Pactyes (Id. vii. 68), and, according to Bobrik's conjecture, perhaps dwelt in Pactyica. {Geoff, des Herod, p. 181.) [J- K-] UTIS or VITIS {Montone), a river of Gallia Cis- alpina, which rises in the Apennines, flows under the walls of Forli (Forum Livii), and subsequently by the city of Ravenna, and enters the Adriatic about 5 miles from that city. At the present day it jiins the Fonco (the Bedesis of Pliny), before reaching the latter city, but in ancient times it pro- bably discharged its waters by a separate channel into the lagunes which at that time surrounded Ravenna. The name is written Vitis by Pliny (iii. 14. s. 19), but it is probable that Utis or Utensis the more correct form, which is found in Livy. According to that author it at one time formed the boundary between the Boian and Senonian Gauls. (Liv. v. 35.) [E. H. B.] UTTARIS, a town of the Callaici in the NW. of Hispania Tarraconensis, on the road from Lucus Augusti to Asturica, between Pons Neviae and Ber- gidum, {Itin. Ant. pp. 425, 430.) Variously iden- tified with Cerredo, Boncos, and CaMro de la Ventosa. [T. H. D.] UTIJS, an affluent of the Danube in Mocsia. The Utus had its sources in Mount Haemus, and formed the E. boundary of Dacia Ripensis (Plin. iii. 26. s. 29). Now the Vid. [T. II. D.] UTUS (OuTcos, Procop. de Aed. iv. 1), a town of Moesia Inferior, a little to the S. of the confluence of the like-named river with the Damdie, and between Oescus and Securisca (/</«. Ant. p. 221). Variously identified with Staroselitzi, Hutalidsch, and a place near Brestoratz. [T. H. D.] VULCANI FORUM. [Putf.oli.] VULCANIAE INSULAE. [Akoi.iaeInsui.ae.] VULCIIALO is mentioned by Cicero {jiro Fon- teio, 9) as a jjlace in the west part of Gallia Narbo- nensis, but nothing more is known of it. [G. L.] VULGIENTES. [Apta Ji:lia.] VULSINII. [VoLsiNii.] VULTUR MONS {Munte Vollore), one of the most celebrated mountains of Southern Italy, situ- ated on the confines of Apulia, Lncania, and the country of the llirpini. It commences about 5 miles 4q
