LATIUM. parcntly at the foot of the Mons Lepinus, or nortbem extremity of the Volscian mountains. [F.cetra.] Besides these cities, which in the early ages of Latium formed, members of the Latin League, or are otherwise conspicuous in Roman history, we find men- tion in Pliny of some smaller towns still existing in his time; of which the " Fabienses in Jlonte Albano" may certainly be placed at Rocca di Papa, the liighest village on the Alban Mount, and the Castri- monienses at Marino, near the site of Alba Longa. The list of the thirty cities of the League given by Dionysius (v. 61) has been already cited (p. 139). Of the names included in it, Bubentuji is wholly unknown, and must have disappeared at an early pe- riod. Carventum is known only from the mention of the Arx Carventana in Livy during the wars with the Aequians (iv. 53, 55), and was probably situated somewhere on the frontier of that people; while two of the names, the Fortineii {^opTiviloi) and Tri- crini (Tpi.Kplvoi), are utterly unknown, and in all pro- bability corrupt. The former may probably be the same with the Foretii of Pliny, or perhaps with the Forentani of the same author, but both these are equally unknown to us. Besides these Pliny has given a long list of towns or cities (clara oppida, iii. 5. s. 9. § 68) which once existed in Latium, but had wholly disajjpeared in his time. Among these we find many that are well known in history and have been already noticed, viz. Satricum, Pometia, Scaptia, Politorium, Tellenae, Caenina, Ficana, Crustumerium, Ameriola, Medul- lia, Corniculum, Antemnae, Cameria, Collatia. With these he joins two cities which are certainly of my- thical character: Saturnia, which was alleged to have previously existed on the site of Rome, and Antipolis, on the hill of the Janiculum ; and adds three other names, Suhno, a place not mentioned by any other writer, but the name of which may probably be recog- nised in the modern Serinoneta; Norbe, which seems to be an erroneous repetition of the well-known Norba, already mentioned by him among the existing cities of Latium (fb. §64); and Amitinum or Ami- ternum, of which no trace is found elsewhere, except the well-known city of the name in the Vestini, which cannot possibly be meant. But, after mentioning these cities as extinct, Pliny adds another list of " populi" or communities, which had been accustomed to share with them in the sacrifices on the Alban Mount, and which were all equally decayed. Ac- cording to the punctuation proposed by Niebuhr and adopted by the latest editors of Pliny, he classes these collectively as " populi Albenses," and enu- merates them as follows : Albani, Aesulani, Ac- cienses, Abolani, Bubetani, Bolani, Cusuetani, Co- riolani, Fidenates, Foretii, Hortenses, Latinienses, Longulani, Slanates, Macrales, Mutucumenses, Mu- nienses, Numinienses, Olliculani, Octulani, Pedani, Polluscini, Querquetulani, Sicani, Sisolenses, Tole- rienses, Tutienses, Vimitellarii, Velienses, Venetulani, Vitellenses. Of the names here given, eleven relate to well-known towns (Alba, Aesula, Bola, Corioli, Fideriae, Longula, Pedum, Pollusca, Querquetula, Tolerium and Vitellia) : the Bubetani are evidently the same with the Bubentani of Dionysius already noticed ; the Foretii may perhaps be the same with the Fortineii of that author; the Hortenses may pro- bably be the inhabitants of the town called by Livy Ortona; the Munienses are very possibly the people of the town afterwards called Castrimoenium : but there still remain sixteen wholly unknown. At the Bame time there are several indications (such as the LATMICUS SINUS. 143 agreement with Dionysius in regard to the otherwise unknown Bubentani, and the notice of Aesula and Querquetula, towns which do not figure in history) that the list is derived from an authentic source; and was probably copied as a whole by Pliny from some more ancient authority. The conjecture of Niebuhr, therefore, that we have here a list of the subject or dependent cities of Alba, derived from a period when they formed a separate and closer league with Alba itself, is at least highly plausible. The notice in the list of the Velienses is a strong confirmation of this view, if we can suppose them to be the inhabitants of the hill at Piome called the Velia, which is known to us as bearing an important part in the ancient sacri- fices of the Septimontium. [Eoma.] The works on the topography of Latium, as might be expected from the peculiar interest of the subject, are sufficiently numerous: but the older ones are of little value. Cluverius, as usual, laid a safe and solid foundation, which, with the criticisms and corrections of Holstenius, must be considered as the basis of all subsequent researches. The special works of Kircher (Vetus Latium, fol. Amst. 1671) and Volpi {Vetus Latium Profanum et Sacrum, Eomae, 1704 — 1748,10 vols.4to.) contain very little of real value. After the ancient authorities had been carefully brought together and revised by Cluverius, the great requisite was a careful and systematic examination of the localities and existing remains, and the geograjihical survey of the country. These objects were to a great extent carried out by Sir W. Cell (whose excellent map of the country around Rome is an invaluable guide to the historical inquirer) and by Professor Nibby. (Sir W. Cell, Topography of Rome and its Vicinity ; with a large map to accompany it, 2 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1834; 2d edit. 1 vol. Lond. 1846. Nibby, Analisi Storico- Topografico-Antiqwaria della Carta dei Dintorni di Roma, 3 vols. 8vo. Rome, 1837; 2d edit, lb. 1849. The former work by the same author, Viaggio Antiqnario nei Contcyi'ni di Roma, 2 vols. 8vo. Rome, 1819, is a veiy inferior performance.) It is unfortunate that both their works are deficient in accurate scholarship, and still more in the spirit of historical criticism, so absolutely necessary in all inquiries into the early history of Rome. Westphal, in his work {Die RomiscJie Kamj)agne in Topo- graphischer u. Antiquarischer Hinsicht dargestellt, 4to. Berlin, 1829) published before the survey of Sir W. Cell, and consequently with imperfect geo- graphical resources, attached himself especially to tracing out the ancient roads, and his work is in this respect of the greatest importance. The recent work of Bormann (^Alt-Latinische ChorograpMe tmd Stcidte- Geschichte, 8vo. Halle, 1852) contains a careful review of the historical statements of ancient authors, as well as of the researches of modern inquirers, but is not based upon any new topographical researches. Notwithstanding the labours of Gell and N-ibbx, much still remains to be done in this respect, and a work that should combine the results of such in- quiries with sound scholarship and a judicious spirit of criticism would be a valuable contribution to ancient geography. [E- H. B.] LATMICUS SINUS (o AarfxiKhs koXttos), a bay on the western coast of Caria, deriving its name from Mount Latmus, which rises at the head of the gulf. It was formed by the mouth of the river Maeander which flowed into it from the north-east. Its breadth, between Miletus, on the southern head- land, and Pyrrha in the north, amounted to 30
