198 LITERNUM. D'Anville gave up Pont-Sainte-Maxence, and fixed Litanobriga at Creil (in the Oise, and along this line the distances of the Table agree pretty well with the real distances. Walckenaer fixes Litanobriga at Pont- Sainte-Maxence. The solution of this difficulty de- pends on the position of Augustomagus; or if we are content with the evidence for fixing Litanobriga at Pont Sain/e-Maxence, we cannot place Augusto- magus at Senlis. [Augustomagus.] [G. L.] LlTEiiNUM (Aireijvov, Strab. ; AeiTepvov, Ptol. : Eth. Literninus : Tor di Patrid), a town on the sea-coast of Campania, between the mouth of the Vuiturnns and Cumae.* It was situated at the month of a river of tlie same name (Strab. v. p. 243 : Liv. xxxii. 29), which assumed a stagnant cha- racter as it approached the sea, so as to form a con- siderable marshy pool or lagoon, called the Literna Palus (Sii. Ital. vii. 278 ; Stat. Sih. iv. 3. 66), and bordered on either side by more extensive marshes. It is not quite clear whether there was a town there at all before the establishment of the Eoman colony : Livy's expression {I. c.) that that colony was sent " ad ostia Literni fluminis," would seem to imply the contrary ; and though the name of Liternum is mentioned in the Second Punic War, it is in a manner that does not clearly prove there was then a town there. (Liv. xxiii. 35.) But the notice in Festus (v. Praefecturae), who mentions Liternum, with Capua, Cumae, and other Campa- nian towns, among the Praefecturae, must probably refer to a period earlier than the Roman settlement. It was not till the year b. c. 194 that a colony of Roman citizens was settled at Liternum at the same time with one at Vulturnum ; they were both of the class called " coloniae maritimae civium," but were not numerous, only 300 colonists being sent to each. (Liv. xxxii. 29, xxxiv. 45.) The situation of Liternum also was badly chosen : the marshy character of the neighbourhood rendered it unhealthy, while the adjoining tract on the sea-coast was sandy and baiTen ; hence, it never seems to have risen to be a place of any importance, and is chiefly noted from the circumstance that it was the place which Scipio Africanus chose for his retirement, when he with- drew in disgust from public life, and where he ended his days in a kind of voluntary exile. (Liv. xxxviii. 52, 53 ; Seneca, Ep. 86 ; Val. Max. v. 3. § 1 ; Oros. iv. 20.) At a later period, however, Augustus settled a fresh colony at Liternum (Z(6. Colon, p. 235), and the construction by Domitian of the road leading along the sea-coast from Sinuessa to Cumae must have tended to render it more frequented. But it evidently never rose to be a considerable place : under the Roman Empire its name is men- tioned only by the geographers, and in the Itine- raries in connection with the Via Domitiana already noticed. (Strab. v. p. 243 ; Mel. ii. 4. § 9 ; Plin. iii. 5. s. 9 ; Ptol. iii. 1. § 6 ; Itin. Ant. p. 122 ; Tab. Peut.) We learn, however, that it still existed us a " civitas" as late as the reign of Valentinianll. (Symmach. Ep. vi. 5) ; and it was probably destroyed by the Vandals in the fifth century. The villa of Scipio, where he spent the latter
- The name is written in many MSS. Llnter-
NUM, and it is difficult, in the absence of inscriptions, to say which form is really the more correct ; but Liternum seems to be supported, on the whole, by the best MSS., as well as by the Greek form of the name as found both in Strabo and Ptolemy. (Tzschucke, ad Mel. ii. 4. § 9.) LOCORITUM. years of his life, was still ext-ant in the days of Seneca, who has left us a detailed description of it, and strongly contrasts the simplicity of its arrange- ments vith the luxury and splendour of those of his own time. {Ep. 86.) Pliny also tells us, that some of the olive trees and myrtles planted by the hands of Scipio himself were still visible there. (Plin. xvi. 44. s. 85.) It is certain that his tomb also was shown at Liternum in the days of Strabo and Livy, though it would appear that there was great doubt whether he was really buried there. The well-known epitaph which, according to Valerius Maximus, he caused to be engraved on his tomb, — " Ingrata patria, ne ossa quidem mea habes," — could certainly not have been extaut in the time of Seneca, who treats the question as one of mere conjecture, though he inclines to the belief that Africaims was really buried there, and not in the tomb of the Scipios at Rome. (Seneca, I. c. ; Val. Max. v. 3. § 1 ; Strab. /. c. ; Liv xxxviii. 56.) The site of Liternum is now marked by a watch- tower called Tor di Patria, and a miserable village of the same name ; the adjoining La(jo di Patria is unquestionably the Literna Palus, and hence the river Liternus can be no other than the small and sluggish stream which forms the outlet of this lake to the sea. At the present day the Lago di Patria communicates with the river Clanius or La{ino, and is formed by one of the arms of that stream. It is not improbable that this was the case in ancient times also, for we have no account of the mouth of the Clanius, while the Liternus is mentioned only in connection with the town at its mouth. [Clanius.] The modern name of Pa^n'a must certainly have been derived from some tradition of the epitaph of Scipio already noticed, though we cannot explain the mcxle in which it arose ; but the name may be traced back as far as the eighth cen- tury. There are scarcely any ruins on the site of Liternum, but the remains of the ancient bridge by which the Via Domitiana here crossed the river are still extant, and the road itself may be traced from thence the whole way to Cumae. [E. H. B.] LITHRUS (Ai'flpos), the name of the northern branch of Mount Paryadres in Pontus, which, to- gether with Mount Ophelimus in the north-west of Amasia, enclosed the extensive and fertile plain of Phanaroea. (Strab. xii. p. 556.) Hamilton {Re- searclies, vol. i. p. 349) believes that these two ancient hills answer to the modern Kemer Dagh and Oktap Dagh. [L. S.] LIVIANA, in Gallia Narbonensis, is placed by the Table and the Jerusalem Itin. between Carcaso ( Cfwrossonwe) and Narbo {Narbonne'). It is the next station to Carcaso, and xii. from it : the station that follows Liviana is Usuerva, or Usuerna, or Hosuerba. The site is uncertain. [G. L.] LIX, LIXUS. [Mauretania]. LIZIZIS. [Azizis.] LOBETA'NI {AuS-nTavoi), one of the ksser peoples in the NE. part of Hispania Tarraconensis. Their position was SE. of the Celtiberi, and N. of the Bastetani, in the SW. of Arragon. The only city mentioned as belonging to them was Lobetum {(i)€-rTov), which DAnville identifies with Requena, butUkert with Albarracin. (Ptol. ii. 6. § 60; Coins ap. Sestini, p. 169; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1, pp 322, 464.) [P. S.] LOBE'TUM. [Lobetani.] LOCORITUM {AoKdpnov), a town on the river Main in Germany, and probably the same as tlie
