LUGEUS LACUS. tliem would certainly not be conclusive against j Leiden. But remains have been dug up in the neighbourhood of Leiden, and an inscription of the time of Septimius Severus. (Ukert, Gallien, p. 534.) [G. L.] LU'GEUS LACUS (Aoi'iyeov %os), a lake in the land of the lapodes in Illyricum, now Lake Zirknitz. (Strab. vii. p. 314.) LUGIDU'NUM {Aovyi^ovvov), a town in the east of Germany, the site of which nmst be looked for in iSilesia, either at Breslau or Liegnitz. (Ptol. ii. 11. § 28.) [L. S.] LU'GII. [Lygii.] LUGIO'NUM (Aou7iWoi'), a town in the south of Pannonia Inferior, was the capital of a district. (Ptol. ii. 16. §5.) In the Peuting. Table it is called Lugio, and it is, perhaps, to be looked for on the site of the modern Baita, at the entrance of the Sarviz into the Danube. [L. S.] LUGUVALLUM, or LUGUVALLIUM {Anton. Itin.), LUGUBALUM (Ravennas), now Carlisle. This town is not mentioned by Ptolemy ; neither does it occur in the Notitia. The reason of its omission in the latter work may be, that, although it stands upon the line of the Wall, the proximity of the great castra, as well as its own strength and population, rendered a fixed garrison unnecessary. Beda {in Vita S. Cuthherti, c. 8) describes Saint Cuthbert on his visit to Lugubalia, as being shown the walls and a fountain built by the Romans: " venit ad Luguba- liam civitatem, quae a populis Anglorum corrupto Luel vocatur, ut alloqueretur reginam. Postera au- tem die deducentibus eum civibus ut videret moenia civitatis, fontemque in ea miro quondam Romanorum opei-e exstructum." Leland {[tin. vol. vii. p. 54), after speaking of the Roman architectural and other remains often brought to light in Carlisle, adds, " the hole site of the towne is sore changid. For wher as the stretes were and great edifices now be vacant and garden plottes." But few remains, if any, of the Roman town are, at the present day, to be no- ticed ; but whenever excavations are made to any considerable depth, the foundations of the buildings of Luguvallum are almost always met with. Very recently a deep drain having been sunk on the north side of the castle, the coui-se of the Great Wall has been ascertained ; previously, the direction it took from Stanwix, where there was a fortified camp, was uncertain, as above ground in the immediate vicinity of Carlisle, it has been entirely pulled down. [C.R.S.] LUMBERITA'NI. [Vascones.] LUNA {Aowa, Strab. Aowo, Ptol. ; 2eAT)J")s ir6ii, Steph. B. : Eth. Lunensis : Luni), a city of Etruria, situated on the left bank of the Macra, a short distance from its mouth, and consequently on the very borders of Liguria. There is indeed con- siderable discrepancy among ancient authors as to whether it was an Etruscan or a Ligurian city ; and it is probable that this ai'ose not only from the circumstance of its position on the immediate frontier of the two countries, but from its having been suc- cessively occupied and held by both nations. Pliny calls it " the first city of Etruria ;" and Strabo be- gins to reckon the Etrurian coast from thence : Pto- lemy also mentions it first in order among the cities of Etruria ; while Mela, on the contrary, assigns it to the Ligurians. (" Luna Ligurum," Mel. ii. 4. § 9; Strab. V. p. 222 ; Plin. iii. 5. s. 8 ;'Ptol. iii. 1. § 4.) From the time indeed when the Macra became the established limit between Liguria and Etruria, there could be no doubt as to Luna being geographically LUNA. 215 included within the latter country ; but it is certain that when the Romans first came into collision with the Ligurians, that people was in possession of Luna and the surrounding territory, and indeed held the whole country from the Macra to the mouth of the Arnus. (Pol. ii. 16; Liv. xxxiv. 56; xxsix. 32, &c.) Livy, however, tells us that the territory ot" Luna, in which the Roman colony was founded, and which had been taken by them from the Ligurians, had previously belonged to the Etruscans (Liv. xli. 13), and this seems to be the true explanation of the case. Both Lvina and Luca, with the whole of the fertile and level country adjoining them at the foot of the Apennines, seem to have really be- longed to the Etruscans during the height of their power, but had fallen into the hands of the Ligu- rians, before that people came into contact with Rome. We have, however, scarcely any account of Luna as an Etruscan city, no Etruscan remains have been found there, and there is certainly no foundation for the views of some mo<lern writers who have supposed it to be one of tlie chief cities of Etruria, and one of the twelve that composed the League. (Dennis's Etruria, vol. ii. p. 79.) The first historical mention of Luna itself (as distinguished from its more celebrated port) is that of its capture by the Romans under Domitius Cal- vinus (Frontin. Strut, iii. 2. § 1) ; but the date of this event, which is not noticed by Livy, cannot be fixed with any approach to certainty. Hence, the first fact in its history of which we have any positive information, is the estabhshment there of a Roman colony in b. c. 177 (Liv. xli. 13), if at least we are to adopt in that passage the reading of " Lunam" for " Lucam," which has been received by the latest editors of Livy. (Madvig, de Colon, p. 287.) Its territory is mentioned repeatedly in conjunction with that of Pisae, as having been laid waste by the neighbouring Ligurians. (Liv. xxxiv. 56, xli. 19, sliii. 9.) It appears that the two districts adjoined one another, so that the Pisans, in b. o. 169, com- plained of the encroachments of the Roman colonists on their territory. {Id. xlv. 13.) But, notwith- standing this colony, Luna seems not to have risen into any importance : Lucan indeed represents it as in a state of complete decay at the period of the Civil War {desertae moenia Lunae, Lucan, i. 586) ; and though it received a fresh colony under the Second Triumvirate, it was still in Strabo's time but a small and inconsiderable city. {Lib. Colon. p. 223 ; Strab. v. p. 222.) No historical notice of it is found under the Roman Empire, but its con- tinued existence down to the fifth century is attested by Pliny, Ptolemy, the Itineraries, and Rutilius, as well as by inscriptions found on the spot. (Plin. iii. 5. s. 8 ; Ptol. iii. 1. § 4 ; Itin. Ant. p. 293 ; Itin. Marit. p. 501 ; Rutil. Itin. ii. 63—68.) We learn also that it was celebrated for its wine, which was reckoned the best in Etruria (Plin. xiv. s. 8. § 67), as well as for its cheeses, which were of va*t size, some of them weighing as much as a thousand pounds. (Plin. xi. 42. s. 97 ; Martial, xiii. 30.) But the chief celebrity of Luna in imperial times was derived from its quan-ies of white marble, the same now known as Carrara marble, and which was considered equal, if not supeiior in quality, to the finest Greek marbles. It is first mentioned as employed at Rome for building purposes in the time of Caesar, and from the age of Augustus onwards was very extensively emjjloyed, as may still be seen in the Pantheon, the Pyramid of Cains Cestius, r 4
