226 LYCIA. that Lycia enjoyed its highest degree of prosperity, for under the protectiou of Eome the people had suf- ficient leisure to attend to their own internal affairs. By a strict and wise neutrality, they escaped the dangers of the Mithridatic Wars as well as those of the wars against the pirates. (Appian, 3Iithi'id. 24, 61 ; Strab. xvi. p. 665.) The prosperity of Lycia, however, received a severe blow during the •war of Brutus and Cassius, who attacked the country because it was suspected to favour the party of Octavianus and Antony. When Brutus advanced against Xanthus, the inhabitants razed the suburbs to the ground, and offered the most determinate re- sistance. After a long and desperate siege, the soldiers of Brutus gained admission by treachery, whereupon the Xanthians made away with them- selves by setting fire to their city. The fall of Xanthus was followed by the surrender of Patara and the whole Lycian nation. Brutus levied enor- mous contributions, and in some instances ordered the inhabitants to give up all their gold and silver. (Appian, B. C. iv. 60, 65, 75, &c.) Antony after- wards granted the Lycians exemption from taxes, in consideration of their sufferings, and exhorted them to rebuild the city of Xanthus. (Ibid. v. 7 ; comp. Dion Cass, xlvii. 34.) But after this time the prosperity of Lycia was gone, and internal dissen- sions in the end also deprived the inhabitants of their ancient and free constitution ; for the emperor Claudius made the country a Roman province, forming part of the prefecture of Pamphylia. (Dion Cass. Ix. 17 ; Suet. Claud. 25.) Pliny (v. 28) states that Lycia onee contained seventy towns, but that in his time their number was reduced to twenty-sis. Ptolemy (v. 3), indeed, describes Ly- cia as a separate province ; but it is probable that until the time of Theodosius IL it remained united with Pamphylia, for an inscription (Gruter, Thesaur. p. 458. 6) mentions Porcius as " procos. Lyciae et Pamphyliae," and both countries Lad only one governor as late as the i-eign of Constantine. But Theodosius constituted Lycia a separate province ; and so it also appears in the seventh century in Hierocles (p. 682, &c.), with Myra for its capital. For further topographical and historical details see the separate articles of the Lycian towns, mountains, and rivers, and especially the following works of modern travellers. Sir C. Fellows, A Journal written during an ExcAirsion in Asia Minor, London, 1839, and An Account of Discoveries in Lycia, being a Journal kept during a Second Excur- sion in Asia Minor, London, 1841 ; Spratt and E. Forbes, Travels in Lycia, Mih/as, and the Ciby- ratis, 2 vols. London, 1847. which contains an ex- cellent map of Lycia ; Texier, Description de VAsie Mineure, vol. i. Paris, 1838. The Lycian language has been discussed by D. Sharpe, in Ap- pendices to Sir C. Fellows' works ; by Grotefend, in vol. iv. of the Zeitschrift fur die, Kunde des Morgenlands ; and by Cockerell in the Join-rial des Savans, April, 1841. [L. S.] COIN OF LYCIA. LYCOSURA. LYCO or LYCON, a small town of Hispania Bae- tica, mentioned only by Livy (xxxvii. 47). [P-S.] LY'COA (Au/f<5a : Eth, Aukoottjs), a town of Arcadia in the district Maenalia, at the foot of Mt. Iilaenalus, with a temple of Artemis Lycoatis. It was in ruins in the time of Pausanias, and is repre- sented by the Paleohastron between Arachova and Karteroli. (Pans. viii. 3. § 4, 36. § 7 ; Steph. B. s. v. ; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 52 ; Boblaye, Recherches, 4'C. p. 1 7 1 : Ross, Eeisen im Peloponnes, p. 1 20 ; Cur- tius, Peloponnesos, vol. i. p. 358.) There was another Lycoa not far from the Alpheius, near its junction with the Lusius or Gortynius, at the foot of Mt. Ly- caeus. (Pol. xvi. 17.) It has been conjectured that the proper name of the latter of these towns was Lyeaea, since Pausanias (viii. 27. § 4) speaks of the Lycaeatae (Ai/Kaiaroi) as a people in the district of Cynuria, and Stephanus mentions a town Lyeaea (Ai^/caia). (Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 304.) LYCO'NE (AvKiivri). a mountain of Argolis, on the road from Argos to Tegea. (Paus. ii. 24. § 6.) [See Vol. I. p. 201, b.] LYCO'POLIS (v AvKwv iroAis, Ptol. iv. 5. § 63; Steph. B. s. V. ; Strab. xvii. p. 813 • Lycon. Plin. v. 9. s. 11 ; Lyco, Itin. Anton, p. 157: Eth. AvKono- XtTTjs), the name of two cities in Aegypt. 1. In the Thebaid, the capital of the nome Lycopolites, SE. of Hermopolis, in lat. 27° 10' 14" N. : the modern E' Syout. It was seated on the western bank of tha Nile. The shield of a king named Recamai, who reigned in Upper Egypt, probably dui-ing the shepherd dynasty in the Lower Country, has been discovered here. (Rosellini, 3Ion. Civ. i. 81.) Lycopolis has no remarkable ruins, but in the excavated chambers of the adjacent rocks are found mummies of wolves, confirming the origin of its name, as well as a tradition preserved by Diodorus (ii. 88 ; comp. Aelian. Hist. An. x. 28), to tlie effect that an Aethiopian army, invading Aegypt, was repelled beyond the city of Elephantine by herds of wolves. Osiris was worshipped under the symbol of a wolf at Lycopolis : he having, ac- cording to a myth, come from the shades under that form, to aid Isis and Horns in their combat with Typhon. (Champollion, Descript. de VEgyirie, vol. i. p. 276 ; Jollois, Egypte-, vol. ii. ch. 13.) 2. The Deltaic Lycopolis (Au/couTroXir, Strab. xvii. p. 802 ; Steph. B. s. v.), was an inconsiderable town in the Sebennytic nome, in the neighbourhood of Jlcndes, and, from its appellation, apparently founded by a colony of Osirian priests from Upper Egypt. The Deltaic LycopoUs was the birthplace of the Neo-Platonic philosopher Plotinus, A. d. 205. (Suidas, p. 3015.) [W. B. D.] LYCOREIA. [Delphi, p. 768.] LYCOSU'RA (^AvK6(7ovpa : Eth. AvKOffovpevs^ a town flf Arcadia, in the district Parrhasia, at the foot of Mt. Lycaeus, and near the river Plataniston {Ga-stritzi), on the road from Megalopolis to Phi- galeia. It is called by Pausanias the most ancient town in Greece, and is said to have been founded by Lycaon, the son of Pelasgus. It was in ruins in the time of Pausanias, since its inhabitants had been transplanted to Megalopolis upon the foundation of the latter. The remains of this town were first dis- covered by Dodwell, near the village of Stala, and have since been more accurately described by Ross. The ruins are called Palaeokramhavos or Sidero- kastron. (Paus. viii. 2. § 1, viii. 4. § 5, viii. 38. § 1 ; Dodwell, Travels in Greece, vol. ii. p. 395 ; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 312 ; Ross, Reisen im Pelo-
