MARC ILI ANA. Fritigern and the Roman governor of Marciannpolis, Lupicinus, — which became the signal of a long and destructive war. (Amm. Marc. xxxi. 5. § 4, Zozim. iv. 10, 1 1.) Marcianopolis afterwards became Peristhlava or Presthlava (JlfpiaBKaSa), the capital of the Bulgarian kingdom, which was taken A. u. 971 by SwiatoslafF the Russian, and again reduced by John Zimisces, when 8500 Russians were put to the sword, and the sons of the Bulgarian king rescued from an ignominious prison, and invested with a nominal diadem. (Gibbon, c. Iv. ; Schafarik, Slav. Alt. vol. ii. pp. 187, foil. 216; Finlay, Byzantine Empire, pp. 408 — 413.) The site of the ancient town must be sought for in the neighbourhood oiPra- vadi. For coins of Marcianopolis, both autonomous and imperial, see Eckhel, vol. ii. p. 15. [E. B. J.] MARCILI A'NA, a station on the Via Popillia, in Lucania, where, according to the Tabula, that road (which led directly S. from Cainpania into Brut- lium) was joined by a branch from Potentia. The name is corrupted both in the Tabula and in the Autonine Itinerary; but there can be no doubt that the place meant is the same called by Ca.ssiodorus " Marcilianum," which was a kind of suburb of the town of Consilinum, where a great fair was annually held. {/tin. Ant. p. 110; Tab. Pent.; Cassiod. Vai-r. viii. 33.) The site is still called Marciliana, in the valley of the Tanagro, between La Sala and Pculula. (Romanelli, vol. i. p. 405.) [E. H. B.] MARCI'NA (lHapKiva), a town of Campania, in the district of the Picentini, situated on the N. shore of the gulf of Posidonia, between the Sirenusae In- sulaeand the mouth of the Silarus. (Strab.v. p.251.) It is mentioned by no writer except Strabo, who tells us that it was a colony founded by the Tyrrhenians, but subsequently occupied, and in his day still in- habited, by the Samnites. As he adds that the dis- tance from thence through Nuceria to Pompeii was not more than 120 stadia (15 Roman miles), he appears to have regarded this as the point from whence the passage of the isthmus (as he calls it) between the two bays began ; and it may therefore be placed with some plausibility at Vietri. (Cluver, Ital. p. 1190; Romanelh, vol. iii. p. 614.) Some an- cient remains have been discovered there, though these may seem to indicate the site of Roman villas rather than of a town. [E. H. B.] MA'RCIUS MONS (rb mdpKiov opos) was, ac- cording to Plutarch, the name of the place which was the scene of a great defeat of the Volscians and Latins by Camillus in the year after the taking of Rome by the Gauls B.C. 389. (Flut. Camill. 33, 34.) Diodorus, who calls it simply Marcius or Marcium (jh Kaov/j.evov MdpKwv, xiv. 107), tells us it was 200 stadia from Rome; and Livy, who writes the name " ad Mecium," says it was near Lanuvium. (Liv. vi. 2.) The exact site cannot be deiermined. Some of the older topographers speak of a hill called Colle Marzo, but no such place is found on modem maps ; and Gell suggests the Colle di Dim Toii'i as the most probable locality. (Gell, '1 op. of Rome, p. 311.) [E. H. B.] MARCODAVA (Map/cdSwa, Ptol. iii. 8. § 7), a town of Dacia, the remains of which have been found near Tlwrda. (Sestini, Viaggio, p. 105.) [E.B.J.] MARCODU'RUM, in North Gallia. Some of the cohorts of the Ubii were cut to pieces by the troops of Civilis at Marcodurum, which as Tacitus observes {Ilkt. iv. 28) is a long way from the bank of the liliine. The termination durum indicates a place on a river; and Marcodurum seems to be Duren on the MARCOMANNI. 271 Roer. The Frank kings are said to have had a palace there, named Duria Villa or Dura. [G. L.] MARCOMAGUS, a place in North Gallia on a road from Augusta Trevirorum (Trives) to Aijrip- pina Civitas ( Cologne'). It appears both in the Anto- nine Itin. and in the Table. Marcomagus is jSlar- magen. It is 28 or 31 M. P. from Cologne, for the numbers are not certain. [G. L.] ]IAKCO!IANNI {MapKOndvi/ot, MapKo/j.fxdvot, or MapKOfiavoi), a name frequently occurring in the ancient history of Germany, sometimes as a mere appellative, and sometimes as a proper name of a distinct nation. Its meaning is border-men or march-men, and as such it might be applied to any tribe or tribes inhabiting and defending a border country. Hence we must be prepared to find Mar- comanni both on tlie western and southern trontiers of Germany ; and they might also have existed in the east, or on any other frontier. JIarcomanni are i5rst mentioned in history among the tribes with which Ariovistus had invaded Gaul, and which were defeated and driven back across the Rhine by J. Caesar, b. c. 58 (Caes. Pell. Gall. i. 51). These Marcomanni, therefore, appear to have been the marchmen on the Rhenish frontier, perliaps about the lower part of the Main. They are again mentioped during the campaigns of Drusus in Germany, from b. c. 12 to 9, by Floras (iv. 12), who seems to place them somewhat further in the interior. Only a few years later, we hear of a powerful JIarcomannian kingdom in Boiohemum or Bohemia, governed by Maroboduus; and we might be inclined to regard these Marcomanni as quite a different people from those on the Rhine and Main, — that is, as the marchmen on the southern frontier, — were it not that we are expressly told by Tacitus {Germ. 42), Paterculus (ii. 108), and Strabo (vii, p. 290), that their king ]Iaroboduus had emigrated with them from the west, and that, after expelling the Celtic Boii from Bohemia, he established himself and his Marcomanni in that countiy. (Conip. Ptol. ii. 11. § 25.) If we remember that the kingdom of the Marcomanni in Bohemia was fully organised as early as a. u. 6, when Tiberius was preparing for an expedition against it, it must be owned that Maroboduus, whose work it was, must have been a man of unusual ability and energy. Henceforth the name of the Marcomanni appears in history as a national name, though ethnologically it was not peculiar to any particular tribe, but was given to all the different tribes which the Marcoman- nian conqueror had united under his rule. The neighbouring nations whom it was impossible to subdue were secured by treaties, and thus was formed what may be termed the great Marcomannic confederacy, the object of which was to defend Germany against the Romans in Pannonia. But the Marcomanni soon also came into collision with another German confederation, that of the Cherusci, who regarded the powerful empire of Jlaroboduus as not less dangerous to the liberty of the German tribes than the aggressive policy of the Romans. In the ensuing contest, A. D. 17, the Marcomanni were humbled by the Cherusci and their allies, and Maro- boduus implored the assistance of the emperor Tiberius. The aid was refused, but Drusus was sent to mediate peace between the hostile powers. (Tac. Ann. ii. 45, 46.) During this mediation, however, the Romans seem to have stirred up other enemies against the Marcomanni; for two years later, A. D. 19, Catualda, a young chief of the GoUione.s,
