285 MARSYAS. Idrias, that is in the neighbourhood of Stratoniceia, and flowing in a north-western direction past Ala- banda, discharged its waters into the Blaeander nearly opposite to Tralles. On its banks were the Aeu/cal arijAai, near which the Carians held their national meetings. (Herod, v. 118.) The modem name of this river is Tshina, as is clearly proved by Leake {Asia Minor, p. 234, &c.); while earlier geographers generally confound this Marsyas with the Harpasus. 2. A small river of Phrygia, and, like the Carian Marsyas, a tributary of the lIaeander. Herodotus (vii. 26) calls it a /carap/SaKTrjs; and according to Xenophon {Anab. i. 2. § 8) its sources were in the market-place of Celaenae, below the acropolis, where it fell down with a great noise from the rock (Curt. iii. 1.) This perfectly agrees with the term applied to it by Herodotus; but the description is apparently opposed to a statement of Pliny (v. 41), accord- ing to whom the river took its origin in the valley of Aulocrene, ten miles from Apamea. (Comp. Strab. xii. p. 578; Mas. Tyr. viii. 8.) Strabo, again, states that a lake above Celaenae was the source of both the JIaeander and the JIarsyas. " Comparing these accounts," says Col. Leake (^Asia Minor, p. 160), " with Livy (sxxviii. 38), who probably copied from Polybius, it may be in- ferred that the lake or pool on the summit of a mountain which rose above Celaenae was the reputed source of the JIarsyas and Maeander; but that in fact the two rivers issued from different parts of the mountain below the lake." By this explanation the diliiculty of reconciling the different statements seems to be removed, for Aulocrene was probably the name of the lake, which imparted its own name to the plain mentioned by Pliny. The Marsyas joined the Mae- ander a little way below Celaenae. (Comp. Maean- i>EK; and Hamilton's Researches, i. p. 499.) [L.S.] MARSYAS (Maptruus), a river of Coelesyria, men- tioned only by Pliny (v. 23) as dividing Apameia from the tetrarchy of the Nazerini. It was probably the river mentioned — without its name — by Abulfeda as a tributary of the Orontes, which, rising below Apameia, falls into the lake synonymous with that city, and so joins the Orontes. The modern name Yaiinuk is given by Pococke, who places it in his map on the east of the Orontes. (Abulfeda, Tabula Syriae, ed. Koehler, pp. 151, 152 ; Pococke, Descrip- tion of the East, vol. ii. p. 79.) It doubtless gave its name to JIarsyas, a district of Syria, mentioned by Strabo, who joins it with Ituraca, and defines its situation by the following notes: — It adjoined the Macra Campus, on its east, and had its commence- ment at Laodiceia ad Libanum. Chalcis was, as it were, an acropolis of the district. This Chalcis is joined with Heliopolis, as under the power of Ptolemy, son of Mennaeus, who ruled over Marsyas and Itu- raea. (Strab. svi. pp. 753, 755.) The same geo- grapher speaks of Chalcidice airh rov Mapauov KaOi]- Kouffa (p. 153), and extends it to the sources of the Orontes, above which was the AvKoiiv ^aaiXiKos (p. 155), now the Bekaa. From these various notices it is evident that the Marsyas comprehended the valley of the Orontes from its rise to Apameia, ■where it was bounded on the north probably by the river of the same name. But it extended westward to the Macra Campus, which bordered on the Medi- terranean. (Manncrt, Geographie von Syrien, pp. 326, 3G3.) [Ituuaea; Okontes.] [G.W.] jMARTA, a river of Etruria, still called the Marta, which has its source in the Lake of Bulsena ALi^RTYROPGLIS. (Lacus Vulsiniensis), of which it carries off the su- perfluous waters to the sea. It flowed under the N. side of the hill on which stood Tarquinii; but its name is known only from the Itineraries, from which we learn that it was crossed by the Via Aurelia, 10 miles from Centumcellae (^Civita Vecchia). (^Itin. Ant. p. 291 ; Tab. Pent.) [E. H. B.] MARTIAE. [Gall.ecia, p. 934, b.] MARTIA'LIS,a place in Gallia,near to,and north- west of Augustonemetum (^Clermont en Auvergne), which Sidonius Apollinaris, once bishop of Clermont, names Pagus Violvascensis, with the remark that it was in a previous age named Martialis, from having been the winter quarters of the Julian legions. Tlie tradition may refer to Caesar's legions. The place is now Volvic (D'Anville, Notice, cfc.) [G. L.] MARTIA'NE (MapTLwri, Ptol. vi. 2. §§ 2. 5), a lake placed by Ptolemy (I. c.) in Atropatene, and probably the same as that called Spauta by Strabo (ji AtjjLVT) SiraOra, xi. p. 523). St. Martin (^Mvm. sur I Armenie, vol. i. p. 57) has ingeniously conjectured that the name Spauta that is applied to it in our SISS. of Strabo, is an error of some copyist for Caputa, a word which answers to the Armenian GahOid and Persian Kabi'id, signifying " blue," and which, in allusion to the colour of the water, is the title usually assigned to it by the Oriental geogra- phers. It is identified with the lake of Unnniyah in Azerbaijan, remarkable for the quantity of salt which it retains in solution. This peculiarity has been noticed by Strabo (I.e.), where, for the unin- telligible reading KaTaitopteQelaiv, Groskurd (ad he.) has substituted the KanvponrQilcriv of the ]ISS. and older editions. (Journ. Geog. Soc. vol. iii. p. 56, vol. X. pp. 7 — 9 ; Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. ix. p. 782 ; Chesney, Eiiphrat. vol. i. pp. 77, 97.) [E. B. J.] MARTI'IsI (MapTO'oi or Maprrivoi), a people of Arabia Petraea, near Babylonia (Ptol. v. 19. § 2), the exact position of which it is now impossible to fix. (Forster, Geog. of Arabia, vol. ii. pp. 238, 239.) [G. W.] MARTIS, AD, a mansio marked by the Itins. on the road from Taurini (Turino) to Brigantio(£/'2aM- qon) in Gallia Narbonensis, and the next station to Brigantio. The Antonine Itinerary makes it xviiii. M. P. between Ad Martis and Brigantio, omitting Gesdao [Gesdao]. The Table gives the same dis- tance between Ad Martis and Brigantio, thus divided: from Ad Martis to Gascido (Gesdao) viii., to Alpis Cottia, v., to Brigantio vi.; and the Jerusa- lem Itin. makes the distance between Ad Martis and Brigantio the same. Ad IMartis is fixed at Iloulx or Oulx, on the road from Susa to Brianqon. Annniaims Marcellinus mentions this place " nomine Martis" (sv. 10), and he calls it a static. [G. L.] MARTYRO'POLIS QJlaprvpSiroMs.), a town of Sophanene in Armenia, near the river Nymphaeus, which, according to the national traditions, was founded towards the end of the 5th century by the bishop Maroutha, who collected to tiiis place the relics of all the martyrs that could be found in Armenia, Persia, and Syria. (St. Martin, Mem. mr V Armenie, vol. i. p. 96.) Armenia, which as an independent kingdom, had long formed a slight counterpoise between the Roman and Persian em- pires, was in the reign of Theodosius II. partitioned by its powerful neighbours. Martyropohs was the capital of Roman Armenia, and was made by Jus- tinian a strong fortress. (Procop. de Aed. iii. 2, B. P.. 17; Le Beau, Bas Empire, vol. ix. p. 135; Gibbon, c. xl.) It is represented by the modern
