PAGASAEUS SINUS. On the foundation of Demetrias in b. c. 290, Pagasae was one of the towns, whose inhabitants were trans- ferred to the new city ; but after the Raman conquest Pagasae was restored, and again became an important place. In the time of Strabo it was tlie port of Pherae, which was the principal city in this part of Thessaly. Pagasae was 90 stadia from Pherae, and 20 from lolcos. (Strab. t. c.) The ruins of the ancient city are to be seen near Volo, which has given the modern name to the bay. The acropolis occupied the summit of some rocky heights above Cape Angkistri, and at the foot of the rocks are many copious sources of water, of which Strabo speaks. But as these springs are rather saline to the taste, the city was provided in the Roman times with water from a distance by means of an aqueduct, the ruined piers of which are still a conspicuous object. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 368, seq.) PAGASAEUS SINUS. [Pagasae.] PAGRAE (Jldypat), a town of Syria, placed by Ptolemy in the district of Pieria, near the Syrian gates (v. 15. § 12), but more particularly de- scribed by Strabo, as adjoining Gindarus, the acro- polis of Cyrrhestice. Pagrae he places in the district of Antiochis, and describes as a strong place near the ascent of the Amanus, on the Syrian side of the pass called Amanides Pylae [Vol. I. p. 113], the Syrian gates of Ptolemy {I. c). The plain of Antioch, adds Strabo, lies under Pagrae, through which flows the Arceuthus, the Orontes, and the Labotas. In this plain is also the dyke of Melea- ger and the river Oenoparas. Above it is the ridge of Trapezae, so called from its resemblance to a table, on which Ventidius engaged Phranicates, ge- neral of the Parthians. (svi. p. 751.) The place is easily identified in medieval and modern geo- grapiiy by the aid of Abulfeda and Pococke. Baghras, writes the former, has a lofty citadel, with fountains, and valley, and gardens ; it is said to be distant 12 miles from Antioch, and as many from Iskanderun. It is situated on a mountain over- hanging the valley of C/iarem, which Charem is distant two stages to the east. Baghras is distant less than a stage from Darhasah, to the south. {TahulaSyriae,^.Q.) Pococke is still more par- ticular in his description. He passed within sight of it between Antioch and Baias. After passing Caramaut, he turned to the west between the hills. '• We saw also, about 2 miles to the north, the strong castle of Pagi-as on the hills; this was the ancient name of it in the Itinerary [Antonini], in which it is placed 16 miles from Alexandria and 25 from Antioch; which latter is a mistake, for the Jerusalem Journey (calling it Pangrios) puts it more justly 16 miles from Antioch. As I have been informed, a river called Sowda rises in the mountain to the west, runs under this place, . . . and falls into the lake of Antioch," — also called from it Bahr-el-Souda, otherwise Bahr-Agoule, " the White Lake," from the colour of its waters. This Soiida " seems to be the river Arceuthas mentioned by Strabo, immediately after Pagrae, as running through the plain of Antioch." (^Observations on Syria, vol. ii. p. 173.) It is numbered 17 on the map of the gulf of Issus. [Vol. I. p. 114.] [G. W.] PAGUS (na7os), a hill of Ionia, a little to the north of Smyrna, with a chapel of Nemesis and a spring of excellent water. (Paus. v. 12. § 1.) Modem travellers describe the hill as between 500 and 600 feet high, and as presenting the form of a cone from PALAEPOLIS. 515 which the point is cut oflf. (Hamilton, Researches i. p. 53, foil.) [L. S.] ' PAGYRI'TAE (UayufLTai, Ptol. iii. 5. § 22), a people of European Sarmatia, whose position cannot be made out. Schafarik {Slav. Alt. vol. i. p. 211) connects the termination of their name with the word " gura," which the Poles and other Russo-Slavoiii.an stocks use for " gora," " mountain." [E. B. J.] PALA'CIUM (riaAa/cioi'), a fortress in the Tauric Chersonese, built by Scilurus, king of the Tauro- Scythians, to resist the attacks of Mithridates and his generals. (Strab. vii. p. 312.) The name, which it seems to have taken from his son Palacus (Strab. pp. 306, 309), still survives in the modern Balakldva, which Dr. Clark (Travels, vol. ii. p. 219) inaccurately supposes to be derived from the Genoese " Bella Clava," " The Fair Harbour." Its harbour was the Symbolon Portus (Sfyu^oAoiv Xijxiiv, Strab. vii. pp. 308, 309 ; Arrian, Peripl. p. 20; PtoL iii. 6. § 2 ; Plin. iv. 26), or the Cembaro or Cem- balo of the middle ages, the narrow entrance to which has been described by Strabo (I. c.) with such fidelity to nature. According to him, the harbour, together with that of Ctenus (Sebastopol), consti- tuted by their approach an isthmus of 40 stadia ; this with a wall fenced the Lesser Peninsula, having within it the city of Chersonesus The Sinus PoRTuosus of Pomponius Mela (ii. 1. § 3), from the position he assigns to it between Criumetopon and the next point to the W., can only agree with Bala- Hilva, which is truly " Kah9 ifx.Tji' et promontoriis duobus includitur." Dubois de Montpereux ( Voyage autour du Caucase, vol. vi. pp. 115, 220), in ac- cordance with his theory of transferring the wander- ings of Odysseus to the waters of the Eusine, discovers in Balaklava the harbour of the giant Laestrygones (Odyss. x. 80 — 99); and this opinion has been taken up by more than one writer. It is almost needless to say that the poet's graphic pic- ture of details freshly drawn from the visible world, is as true of other land-locked basins, edged in by cliffs, as when applied to the greyish-blue, or light red Jura rocks, which hem in the entrance to the straits of Balakldva. [E. B. J.] PALAE, a town of Thrace, according to Lapie near Moussaldja. (Itin. Ant. -p. 568.) [T. H. D.] PALAEA. 1. (riaAaia), a place in the Troad on the coast, 130 stadia from Andeira. (Strab. xiii. p. 614.) 2. (noAaia Kco/iij), in Laconia. [Pleiae.] PALAEBYBLOS (naXal€vgos, Strab. xv. p. 755; naKaidSvgKos, Ptol. v. 15. § 21), a town of Phoenicia, which Strabo places after the Climax or promontory called Has- Watta-Salan, forming the N. extremity of the Bay of Kesruan. The site, which is unknown, was therefore probably between the Climax, in the steep cliffs of which it was neces- sary to cut steps — whence the name — and the river Lycus, among the hills which closely border the shore, and rise to the height of 1000 feet. Ptolemy (I. c.) calls it a city of the interior, and the Peu- tinger Table places it 7 M. P. from Berytus, but does not give its distance from Byblos. (Kenrick, Phoenicia, p. 12, London, 1855.) [E. B. J] PALAEMYNDUS. [Myndus.] PALAEOBYBLUS. [Palakuyulus.] PALAEPHARUS, or PALAEPHARSALUS, that is either old Pharae or Pherae or old Pharsalus, according to the diflisrence of the readings in the text of Livy (xxxii. 13). PALAEPOLIS. [Neapolis.] L L 2
