542 PANNOXIA. nonian tribes. The fact that most Greek writers culled them Paeonians. and that Tacitus (Germ. 43) speaks of the Pannoniaii language as difierent from that of the German tribes, seems to favour the sup- position that tiiey were a branch of the Thracian Paeonians, who had gradually spread to the banks of the Danube and the confines of Italy. It must however be observed that Dion Cassias (xlix. 36), who knew the people well, denies that they were Paeonians. There can, however, be no doubt that Celtic tribes also existed in the country, and in the early part of the Roman empire Roman civilisation and the Latin language had made considerable progress. They are described as a brave and war- like people, which, at the time when the Romans be- came acquainted with them, lived in a very low- state of civilisation, and were notorious for cruelty and love of bloodshed (Dion Cass. I. c; Appian,/%r. 14; Strab. vii. p. 318 ; Stat. Silv. iii. 13), as well as for faithlessness and cunning (Tibull. iv. 1. 8). But since their subjugation by the Romans, the civilisa- tion of the conquerors produced considerable changes (Veil. Pat. ii. 110) ; and even the religion of the Pannonians (some of their gods, such as Latobius, Laburus, Chartus, are mentioned in inscriptions) gave way to that of the Romans, and Pannonian divi- nities were identifiod with Roman ones (Spart. Sever. 15; Lamprid. Alex. 7). The Romanisation of the country was promoted and completed by the esta- blishment of colonies and garrisons, so that at the time of the migration of nations, the country was completely Romanised. The following are the principal tribes noticed by the ancients in Pannonia ; some of them, it must be observed, are decidedly Celtic. In Upper Pannonia we meet with the Azali, Cytxi, Bon, Cole- TIANI, OSEKIATES, SeURETES, SeRR.PILLI, SaX- DRIZETES, Latobici, and Vauciani, and perhaps also the Iapodes or Lvpyues, the Colapiani and ScoRDisci, though some of these latter may have extended into Ulyricum. In Lower Pannonia, we have the Arabisci, Herci:niatae, Andiantes, Iasii, Breiici, Ama.ntixi (Amantes), and Cok- NUCATES. Besides these, Pliny (iii. 26) mentions the Aiuv'ATES, Belgites, and Catari, of whom it is not known what districts they inhabited. Towns and villages existed in the country in great numbers even before its conquest by the Romans (Dion Cass. Iv. 29 ; Jornand. Get. 50) ; and Appian's statement (^lllyr. 22), that the Pannonians lived only in vil- lages and isolated farms, probably applies only to Kome remote and more rugged parts of the country. The most important towns were Vindobona, Car- UUNTCM, SCARBANTIA, SaBARIA, ArRABO, PaE- Tovis, SisciA, Aemona, Naupop.tus ; and in Lower Pannonia, Bregetio, Aql'ixci'm, Mursia, Cibai^e, Acimincum, Tauuunum, and Sirmium. The histoiy of Pannonia previous to its conquest by the Romans, is little known. We learn from Jn.stiu (sxiv. 4, xxxii. 3, 12) that some Celtic tribes, probably remnants of the hosts of Brennus, settled in the country. Most of the tribes seem to have been governed by their own chiefs or kings. (Veil. Pat. ii. 114; Sext. WwL Br ev. 7; Jornand. de Reg. Sue. 50.) The obscurity which hangs over its history begins to be somewhat removed in the time of the triumvirate at Rome, B.C. 35, when Octavianus, for no other purpose but that of giving his troops occupation and maintaining them at the expense of others, attacked the Pannonians, and by conquering the town of Siscia broke the strength of PANOPEUS. the nation. (Dion Cass. xlix. 36; Appian, Illyr. 13, 22, foil.) His general Vibius afterwards com- pleted the conquest of the country. But not many years after this, when a war between Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni, and the Romans was on the point of breaking out, the Pannonians, together with the Dalmatians and other Dlyrian tribes, rose in a great insurrection against their oppressors, and it was not till after a bloody war of several years' du- ration that Tiberius succeeded in reducing them, and changing the country into a Roman province, A.D.8. (Dion Cass. Iv. 24, 28, 29; Suet. Tib. 15, 20; VelL Pat. ii. 110, foil.) Henceforth a con- siderable army was kept in Pannonia to secure the submission of the people. When the soldiers received the news of the death of Augustus, they broke out in open rebellion, but were reduced by Drusus. (Tac. Ann. i. 15, foil. 30; Dion Cass. Ivii. 4.) During the first century Pannonia formed only one province, under the administration of a lieutenant of the em- peror. Respecting its division in the second centuiy, we have already spoken. Until the time of the migration of nations, Pannonia remained a part of the Roman empire; many colonies and municipia were established in the country, and fortresses were built for its protection ; military roads also were constructed, especially one along the Danube, and a second through the central part of the country from Vindobona to Sirmium. The Romans did indeed much to civilise the Pannoidans, but they at the same time derived great benefits from them ; the military valour of the natives was of great service to them, and formed always a considerable por- tion of the Roman legions. About the middle of the fifth century Pannonia was lost to the Romans in consequence of the conquests made by the Huns, to whom the emperor Theodosius II. was obliged formally to cede Pannonia. (Prise. Exc. de Leg. p. 37, ed. Paris.) On the dissolution of the empire of the Huns by the death of Attila, the country fell into the hands of the Ostrogoths (Jornand. Get. 50), from whom it passed, about a.d. 500, into those of the Longobardi, who in their turn had to give it up to the Avari in a.d. 568. The ancient authorities for the geography of Pan- nonia are Ptolemy (ii. 15 and 16), Pliny (ii. 28), Strabo (iv. p. 206, foil., v. p. 213, foil., vii. p. 313, foil.). Dion Cassius (xlix. 34—38, Iv. 23, 24), Velleius Paterculus (ii. 110, foil.), Tacitus {Ann. i. 16, foil.), Appian, Jornandes {l. cc). Among modern writers the following deserve to be consulted : Schiinleben, Carniola antiqua et nova, and Annaks Corniolae antiquae et novae, Labacus, 1681, fol.; Katanesich, Comment, in C. Plinii Secnndi Pan- noniam. Buda, 1829 ; Niebuhr, Led. on Ancient Hist. vol. i. p. 164, foil. [L. S.] PANOPEUS or PHANOTEUS {Uavo-mvs. Horn. Strab. Pans. ; UavoTrri, Hes. ap. Strab. ix. p. 424 ; Steph. B. s. v. ; Ov. Met. iii. 19 ; Stat. Tkeb. vii. 344 ; Iloj'oire'ai, Herod, viii. 34 ; ^avorevs, said by Strab., ix. p. 423, to be its name in his time, but the form also occurs in Thuc. iv. 89 ; ^avoreia, Steph. B. s. V. ; Phanotea, Liv. xxxii. 18 : Eth. navomvs, i'avoTevs)^ an ancient town of Phocis, near the frontier of Boeotia, and on the road from Daulis to Chaeroneia. Pausanias says that Pano- peus was 20 stadia from Chaeroneia, and 7 from Daulis (ix. 4. §§ 1, 7); but the latter number is obviously a mistake. The ruins at the village of Aio Vlasi (0710$ Bdcris), which are clearly those of Panopeus, are distant about 20 stadia from Ke-
