r>.'J2 PAROPAMISADAE. above Weissenburg; according to Reichard, Naqy- Banja. [T. H. D.] PAROPAMISADAE (Uapoira.fji.iiTdSai or Uapo- iravi(Ta.'5ai, Strab. xvi. p. 691, &c. ; Died. xvii. 82 ; Arrian, Anah. v. 3 ; Ptol. vi. 18 ; Paropamisii, Mela, i. 2. § 5), the collective name of a number of small tribes who lived alontc the spurs of the great chain of the Paropamisus (^Hindu Ki'ish), and chiefly along its southern and Ciistern sides. The dis- trict they inhabited, which was called generally Ti napoiraixicrdduv X'^P"- (Arrian, Anab. v. 3), was bounded on the W. by Ariana, on the N. by Bac- triana, on the E. by the Indus and Punjab, and on the S. by Arachosia. It comprehended therefore the whole of CabuUstan, and a considerable portion of Afghanistan. The two principal rivers of this district were the Dargamenes (now Gori) and Co- phen {Cabul river). The population appears to have been a free independent mountain lace, who never till the time of Alexander had been compelled to submit to a foreign ruler. During the Persian dominion of Asia, as the Paropamisadae are not mentioned, it may be presumed that they remained xmsubdued. Their chief tribes were the Boiitae (perhaps Cabolitae, the inhabitants of Cdbul), the Ambautae, Parsii, and Paryetae or Pargyetae (Ptol. vi. 18. § 3). Their chief towns were Orto- spanum (Cdbul), Alexandria (perhaps Bamidn), Gauzaca, and Capissa or Caphusa. The valleys between the mountains, though exposed to great cold during the winter, were very fertile. (Strab. xvi. p. 725 ; Curt. vii. 8. § 15.) [V.] PAROPAMISUS (6 llapovaixtcros, Strab. xv. p. 689 ; TlapoTtdviaos, Ptol. vi. 11. § 17 ; Tlapa-Ko.- /xKTos, Arrian, Annb. v. 4. § 5 ; napoTrd/xKraos, Steph. B. s. %'. ; Paropamisus, Mela, i. 15. § 2 ; Plin. vi. 1 7. s. 20), a great chain of mountains extending from about 67° E. long, to 73° E. long., and along 35° N. lat., and forming the connecting link between the Western Caucasus and the still more eastern Imaus or Uimalaya. Their general modern name is Hindu Ku.th, but several of the most remarkable groups have their own titles : thus the great moun- tains W. of Cdbul are now called Koh-i-Baba, and those again N. of the Cdbul river in the direction of Jellalabdd bear the title of Nisluulha. The altitude of these mountains, though not so great as that of the Himdlaya, varies from 15,000 to 18,000 feet. It is difficult to determine whence the Greeks obtained the name whereby they have recorded these mountains, or which is the best orthogra.phy to adopt. Yet it seems not unlikely that Ptolemy is the most correct, and that in the Greek Parop.anisus we have some traces of the San- .scrit Nishadka. The ancient writers are by no means clejir in their accounts of these mountains, and there is a perpetual confusion between the Taurus and the Caucasus. The reason of this no doubt is, that, till the time of Alexander's invasion they were altogether unknown to the Greeks, and that then the officers who described different portions of this celebrated expedition sometimes considered the In- dian chain as a continuation of the Taurus, and sometimes of the Caucasus. Thus Strabo, in one place, states that the Macedonians called all the mountains beyond Ariana eastward, Caucasus, but that among the barbarous people they bore severally the names of Paropamisus, Emodus, and Imaus (xi. p. 511) ; in another, he appears to consider the range which bounded India on the north to be the PAEGS. extreme end of Taurus, which extended to tbo Eastern Sea (xv. p. 689). Arrian appears to have thought that Taurus ought to have been the true name of these, as he considers this great chain to extend across the whole of Asia from M. Mycale, which is opposite to Samos. (^Anab. v. 5.) But he adds, that it was named Caucasus by the Mace- donian soldiers to gratify Alexander, as though, in passing into Sogdiana through Bactriana, he had crossed the Caucasus. Under the double name ot Taurus and Caucasus, he states his belief that this chain is the watershed of all the great rivers of Asia. (I. c.) Again, in another place, he coincides with the description in Strabo, and asserts that the Indian names of Paropamisus, Emodus, &c., are local titles of the extended chain of the Taurus. (Ind. 2.) Other ancient authors agree more or less with these determinations : thus Mela gives the whole central chain from E. to W. the name of Taurus (i. 15, iii. 7) ; Curtius calls it Caucasus (vii. 3. § 19, viii. 9. § 3) ; Pliny, enumerating the several groups from E. to W., gives the name of Caucasus to that portion W. of the Ilindu, Kiish which connects the chain with the Caucasus and Taurus of Western Asia (vi. 17. s. 21) ; Ptolemy appears to have considered the Paropamisus part of the Caucasus (vi. 18. § 1); lastly, Polybius, speaking of the Oxus, states that it derived its waters from the Caucasus (x. 46, xi. 32). It has been suggested that the present name of Hindu Kiish is derived from Indicus Caucasus. [V.] PARO'PUS (ndpajiros: Eth. Paropinus), a town of Sicily mentioned by Polybius (i. 24) during the First Punic War, in a manner that seems to indi- cate its site between Panormus and Thermae (Ter- mini'). It is not noticed by any of the geograpiiers except Pliny, who mentions it in his list of the stipendiary towns of Sicily (Plin. iii. 8. s. 14); and in another passage (lb. § 92) speaks of the island of Ustica as lying " contra Paropinos." This is all the clue we have to its position, and its exact site cannot therefore be determined. [E. H. B.] PAROREATAE. [Elis, p. 818, a.] PAROREIA. [Megalopolis, p. 309, b.] PAROREIA (napc6f;eia), a city of Thrace on the borders of Macedonia (Liv. xxxix. 27, xlii. 51), is called by Stephanus B. (s. v.) a city of Macedonia. Its inhabitants are mentioned by Pliny (iv. 10. s. 17) under the name of Paroraei. PARORIOS. [Phuygia.] PAROS or PARUS (Udpos : Eth. Udpios : Paro), an island in the Aegaean sea, and one of the largest of the Cyclades, lies west of Naxos, from which it is separated by a channel about 6 miles wide. It was said to have been originally inhabited by Cretans and Arcadians, and to have received its name from Parus, a son of the Arcadian Parrhasius. (Callimach. ap. Steph. B. s. v.) It was also re- ported to have borne the names of Pactia, Deme- trias, Zacynthus, Hyleesa, Minoa, and Cabarnis. (Nicanor, ap. Steph. B. s. v.) It was colonised by the lonians, and became at an early period so pros- perous as to send colonies to Thasus (Thuc. iv. 104; Strab. x. p. 487), to Parium on the Propontis (Strab. I. c), and to Pharus on the Illyrian coast. (Strab. vii. p. 315.) After the battle of Marathon, Miltiades in vain endeavoured to subjugate the island. (Herod, vii. 133, seq. ; Ephorus, ap. Steph. B. s. V.) The Parians did not take part in the battle of Salamis, but kept aloof at Cythnus, watching the course of events. (Herod, viii. 67.) They es-
