PUERAE,
chomenian plain to that of Pheneus through a narrow ravine (@dpayt), in the middle of which was a fountain of water, and at the further extre- mity the village of Caryae. The mountains on either side were named Oryx1s (“Opvéts), and Sct1- ATHIS (Sx/a@is), and at the foot of either was a subterraneous channel, which carried off the water from the plain. (Paus. viii. 13. § 6, 14. § 1.) This ravine is now called Giza, from a village of this name, which occupies the site of Caryae*. The mountains on either side are evidently the Oryxis aud Sciathis of Pausanias, and at the foot of either there is a katavothra, as he has remarked.
The eastern road from Pheneus led to Stym- phalus, across Mt. Geronteium (now Skipézi), which formed the boundary between the territories of the two cities.
To the left of Mt. Geronteium near the road was a mountain called Tricrena (Tpixpnva), or the three fountains; and near the latter was another inountain called Sepia (Zy7ia), where Aepytus is said to have perished from the bite of a snake. (Paus. viii. 16. §§ 1, 2.) (Leake, Aforea. vol. iii. p. 135, seq., Peloponnesiaca, p. 385, seq. ; Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. i. p. 185, seq.)
COIN OF THENEUS.
PHERAE (®épu:: Eth. Pepaios, Pheraens). 1. One of the most ancient cities of Thessaly, was situated in the SE. corner of Pelasgiotis, W. of the Jake Boebeis, and 90 stadia from Pagasae, which served as its harbour. (Strab. ix. 436.) It was celebrated in mythology as the residence of Adwmetus and his son Eumelus, the latter of whom led from Pherae and the neighbouring towns eleven ships to the Trojan War. (Hom. JI. ii. 711—715.) Pherae was one of the ‘Thessalian towns which assisted the Athenians at the commencement of the Peloponnesian War. (‘Thuc. ii. 22.) At this time it was under the government of an aristocracy; but towards the end of the war Lycophron established a tyranny at Pherae, and aimed at the dominion of all Thessaly. His designs were carried into effect by his son Jason, who was elected Tagus or general- issimo of Thessaly about B. c. 374, and exercised an important influence in the affairs of Greece. He had so firmly established his power, that, after his assassination in B.c. 370, he was succeeded in the office of Tagus by his two brothers Pulydorus and Polyphron. The former of these was shortly after- wards assassinated by the latter; and Polyphron was murdered in his turn by Alexander, who was either his nephew or his brother. Alexander go- verned his native city and Thessaly with great cruelty till b.c. 359, when he likewise was put to death by his wife Thebe and her brothers. ‘Two of these brothers, Tisiphonus and Lycophron, succes-
- Most editors of Pansanias have substituted
Kaqval for Kapvat ; but the latter is the reading in all the MSS., and Caphyae is in another direction, to the E. of Orchomenus,
PHIGALIA. 595
sively held the supreme power, till at length in n. c. 352 Lycophron was deposed by Philip, king of Macedon, and Pherae, with the rest of Thessaly, became virtually subject to Macedonia. (For details and authorities see the Dict. of Biogr. under the respective names above mentioned.)
In B.c. 191 Pherae surrendered to Antiochus, king of Syria, but it shortly afterwards fell into the hands of the Roman consul Acilius. (Liv. xxxvi. 9,14.) Situated at the end of the Pelasgian plain, Pherae possessed a fertile territory. The city was surrounded with plantations, gardens, and walled enclosures. (Polyb. xviii.3.) Stephanus B. (s. v.) speaks of an old and new Pherae distant 8 stadia from each other.
In the middle of Pherae was a celebrated fountain called Hypereia. (‘Yrépea, Strab. ix. p. 439; Pind. Pyth. iv. 221; Sophoel. ap. Schol. ad Pind. .c.; Plin. iv. 8s. 15.) The fountain Messeis was also probably in Pherae. (Strab. ix. p. 432; Hom. Il. vi. 457 ; Val. Flace. iv. 374; Plin. lc.)
The remains of Pherae are situated at Velestino, where the ancient walls may be traced on every side except towards the plain. On the northern side are two tabular summits, below the easternmost of which on the southern side is the fountain Hy- pereia, which rushes from several openings in the rock, and immediately forms a stream. Apollonius says (i. 49 ; comp. Schol. ad loc.) that Pherae was situated at the foot of Mt. Chalcodonium (XaArw- démov), which is perhaps the southern and highest summit of Mt. Karaddgh. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv p. 439, seq.)
2. In Messenia. {See PHarag, No. 2.]
PHERINUM, a fortress in Thessaly, of uncertain site. (Liv. xxxii, 14.)
PHEUGARUM (evyapov), a town in the northern part of Germany, probably in the territory of the Dulgubini. (Ptol. ii. 11. § 27.) Its site is commonly assigned to the vicinity of Paderborn in Westphalia (Wilhelm, Germanien, p. 134); but nothing certain can be said about it. [L. 8.]
PHIALA. [Pataestina, p. 519, b.) ©
PHIA’LIA. [Puicarta.]}
PHIARA (¢iapa), a town of the district Sarga- rausena, in Cappadocia (Ptol. v. 6. § 13), appears to be the same as the one mentioned in the Anto- nine Itinerary (p. 205) under the name of Phiarasis, which was 36 miles west of Sebastia. [L.8.]
PHIBALIS. [Mecara, p. 317, a.]
PHI’CIUM. [Borort1a, p. 412, a.]
PHIGALIA or PHIALIA (4ryaAla, Paus. ; Sryakéa, Polyb. iv. 3; SrydAea, Paus.; Rhianus, ap. Steph. B. s. v.; Parla, Paus.; PidAcia, Polyb.: Eth. &ryadredbs, dicdreds, bryadeizns), an ancient town of Arcadia, situated in the south-western cor- ner of the country, cluse to the frontiers of Messenia, and upon the right bank of the Neda, about half- way between the sources and the mouth of this river. The naine Phigalia was more ancient than that of Phialia, but the original name had again come into use in the time of Pausanias (vill. 39. § 2). The city was said to have derived its more ancient name from Phigalus, a son of Lycaon, its original founder, and its later name from Phialus, a son of Lycaon, its second founder. (Paus. @. c.; Steph. B.) Inz.c. 659 the inhabitants of Phigalia were obliged to sur- render their city to the Lacedaemonians, but they recovered possession of it again by the help of a chosen body of Oresthasians, who, according to an oracle, perished fighting against the Lacedaemonians.
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