PHOENICIA. latter in Sardinia, where Claudian (^Bell. Gild. 520) mentions Caralis as founded by the Tyrians, in con- tradistinction to Sulci, founded by the Carthaginians. And the coins of Aebusus (Ivica) seem to denote the occupation of it by the Phoenicians, since they have emblems of the Cabiriac worship. The very early intercourse between Phoenicia and the south of Spain is attested by the mention of Tarshish, or Tartessus, in the 1 0th chap, of Genesis. To the same purport is the legend of the expedition of Hercules against Chrysaor, the father of Geryon, which was of course naval, and which sailed from Crete. (Herod, iv. 8; Diod. iv. 17, sqq. v. 17, &c.) The account of Diodorus leads us to conclude that this was an earlier colony than some of the inter- mediately situated ones. The Phoenicians had no doubt carried on a commercial intercourse with Tartessus long before the foundation of Gadeira or Cadiz. The date of the latter event can be ascer- tained with very remarkable accuracy. Velleius Paterculus (i. 2) informs us that it was founded a few years before Utica; and from Aristotle (c?e Mirab. Amcult. c. 146) we learn that Utica was founded 287 years before Carthage. Now as the latter city must have been founded at least 800 years B. c, it follows that Gadeira must have been built about eleven centuries before our aera. The temple of Hercules, or Melcarth, at this place re- tained, even down to the time of SiHus Italicus, the primitive rites of Phoenician worship; the fane had no image, and the only visible symbol of a god was an ever-burning fire ; the ministering priests were barefooted and clad in linen, and the entrance of women and swine was prohibited. (^Punic. iii. 22, seq.) Long before this period, however, it had ceased to be a Phoenician colony; for the Phocaeans who sailed to Tartessus in the time of Cyrus, about 556 B. c, found it an independent state, governed by its own king Arganthonius. (Herod, i. 163.) Many other towns were doubtless founded in the S. of Spain by the Phoenicians ; but the subsequent occupation of the countiy by the Carthaginians renders it difficult to determine which were Punic and which genuine Phoenician. It is probable, however, that those in which the worship of Her- cules, or of the Cabiri, can be traced, as Carteia, Malaca, Sexti, &c., were of Tyrian foundation. To this early and long continued connection with Phoe- nicia we may perhaps ascribe that superior civili- sation and immemorable use of writing which Strabo (iii. 139) observed among the Turduli and Tur- detani. Farther in the Atlantic, it is possible that the Phoenicians may have had settlements in the Cassi- terides, or tin districts on the coast of Cornwall and the Scilly Islands; and that northwards they may have extended their voyages as far as the Baltic in search of amber. [Britannicae Ins. Vol. I. p. 433, seq.] (Comp. Y{e.&[en, Researches, ^c. ii. pp. 53, 68.) But these points rest principally on conjecture. There are more decided traces of Phoenician occu- pation on the NW. or Atlantic coast of Africa. Abyla, like Calpe, was one of the Pillars of Hercules, and his temple at Lixus in Mauretania was said to be older even than that at Gadeira. (Plin. xix. 4. s. 22.) Tinge was founded by Antaeus, vvith whom Hercules is fabled to have combated (Mela, i. 5; Strab.iii. p. 140); and the Sinus Emporicus (/cdAiros 'E/^7ropi/c<$s, Strab. xvii. 827), on the W. coast of Mauretania, seems to have been so named from the commercial settlements of the Phoenicians. Cerne PHOENICUS. 619 was the limit of their voyages on this coast ; but the situation of Cerne is still a subject of discussion. [Cekne.] With regard to their colonies on the N. or Sledi- terranean coast of Africa, Strabo (i. p. 48) tells us that the Phoenicians occupied the middle parts of Africa soon after the Trojan War, and they were probably acquainted with it much sooner. Their earliest recorded settlement was Itace, or Utica, on the western extremity of what was afterwards called the gulf of Carthage, the date of which has been already mentioned. Pliny (xvi. 79) relates that the cedar beams of the temple of Apollo at Utica had lasted since its foundation, 1178 years before his time; and as Pliny wrote about 78 years after the birth of Christ, this anecdote corroborates the date before assigned to the foundation of Gades and Utica. The Phoenicians also founded other towns on this coast, as Hippo, Hadrumetum, Leptis, &c. (Sail. Jug. c. 19), and especially Carthage, on which it is unnecessary to expatiate here. [Car- thago.] The principal modern works on Phoenicia are, Bochart's Geographia Sacra, a performance of un- bounded learning, but the conclusions of which, from the defective state of critical and ethnographical science at the time when it was written, cannot always be accepted; Gesenius, Monumenta Phoe- nicia ; Movers, article Phonizien, in Ersch and Gruber's Encyclopddie, and especially his work Die Phonizier, of which two volumes are published, but which is still incomplete; and Mr. Kenrick's Phoe- nicia, 8vo. London, 1855, to which the compiler of this article is much indebted The reader may also consult with advantage Hengstenberg, De Rebtis Tyriorum, Berlin, 1832, and Beitrage zur Einlei- tung in das A Ite Testament ; Heeren, Historical Re- searches, cfc. vol. ii. Oxford, 1833; Grote, History of Greece, Yo. iii. ch. 18; Forbiger, Eandbuch der alien Geographic, vol. ii. p. 659, sqq.; Eussegger, Reisen ; Burckhardt, Syria ; Kobinson, Biblical Researches, &c. [T. H. D.] PHOENI'CE. [Phila.] PHOENI'CIS. [Medeon, No. 3.] PHOENI'CIUS MONS. [Boeotia, p. 412, a.] PHOENI'CLfS (*oifiKoCs). 1. A port of Ionia, at the foot of Mount Llimas. (Thucyd. viii. 34.) Livy (xxxvi. 45) notices it in his account of the naval operations of the Romans and their allies against Antiochus (comp. Steph. B. s. v.) ; but its identification is not easy, Leake (Asia Minor, p. 263) regarding it as the same as the modern j)ort of Tshesme, and Hamilton (^Researches, ii. p. 5) as the port of Egri-Limen. 2. A port of Lycia, a little to the east of Patara; it was scarcely 2 miles distant from the latter place, and surrounded on all sides by high cliffs. In the war against Antiochus a Roman fleet took its station there with a view of taking Patara. (Liv. xxxvii. 16.) Beaufort (^Karamania, p. 7) observes that Livy's description answers accurately to the bay of Kalamahi. As to Mount Phoenicus in Lycia, see Olympus, Vol. II. p. 480. [L. S.] PHOENI'CUS. [Phycus ] PHOENI'CUS (^oiviKovs Kifi-nv, Strab. xvii. p. 799 ; Ptol. iv. 5. § 7 ; Stadiasm. § 12), a har- bour of Marmarica, off which there were the two islands Didymae, which must not be confounded with those which Ptolemy (iv. 5. § 76) places off the Chersonesus Parva on the coast of Aegypt. Its position must be sought between Pntgeus (Jlvi-yivSy
