622 PHRYGIA. only to a dialectic difference. Now as the Trojans throughout the Homeric poems appear as a people akin to the Greeks, and are even called Hellenes by Dionysius of Halicarniissus (^Ant. Rom. i. 61), it follows that the Phrygians also must have been related to the Greeks. This, again, is further sup- ported by direct evidence; for, looking apart from the tradition about Pelops, which we have already alluded to, king Midas is said to have been the first of all foreigners to have dedicated, about the middle of the eighth century b. c, a present to the Delphic oracle (Herod, i. 14); and Plato {Cratyl. p. 410) mentions several words which were common to the Greek and Phrygian languages. (Comp. Jablonski, Opera, vol. iii. p. 64, &c. ed. Te Water.); and, lastly, the Armenian language itself is now proved to be akin to the Greek. (Schroeder, Thesaur. Ling, Arm. p. 51.) The radical identity of the Phry- gians, Trojans, and Greeks being thus established, •we shall proceed to show that many other Asiatic nations belonged to the same stock. The name of the Mygdonians, as already observed, is often used synonymously with that of the Phrygians (Paus. x. 27. § 1), and in Homer (//. iii. 186) the leader of the Phrygians is called M3'gdon. According to Stephanus B. (s. v. Mi/ySofia), lastly, Mygdonia was the name of a district in Great Phrygia, as well as of a part of Macedonia. The Doliones, who extended westward as far as the Aesepus, were separated from the Mygdonians by the river Rhyndacus. (Strab. xiv. p. 681 ; Schol. ad ApoUon. Rhod. i. 936, 943, 1115.) At a later time they disappear from history, their name being absorbed by that of the Phrygians. The Mysians are easily recognisable as a Phrygian people, both from their history and the country they inhabited. They, too, are called Thra- cians, and their language is said to have been a mixture of Phrygian and Lydian (Strab. xii. p. 572), and Mysians and Phrygians were so intermingled that their frontiers could scarcely be distinguished. (Strab. xii. p. 564; Eustath. ad Hom. II. ii. 862, ad Diomjs. Per. 810; Suid. s.v. ov^iv tittov.) As to the Maeonians, see Lydia. The tribes of Asia Minor, which are usually designated by the name Pelasgians, thus unquestionably were branches of the great Phrygian stock, and the whole of the •western part of the peninsula was thus inhabited by a variety of tribes all belonging to the same family. But the Phrygians also extended into Europe, where their chief seats were in the central parts of Emathia. (Herod, viii. 138; comp. Strab. xiv. p. 680.) There •we meet ■with Phrygians, or ■with a modification of their name, Brygians, in all directions. Mardonius, on his expedition against Greece, met Brygians in Thrace. (Herod, vi. 45; Steph. B. s.v. BpvKai; Plin. iv. 18, where we have probably to read Brycae for Brysae.) The Phrygian population of Thrace is strongly attested by the fact that many names of places were common to Thrace and Troas. (Strab. xiii. p. 590; comp. Thucyd. ii. 99; Suid. s.v. 0d- fjLvpis; Solin. 15; Tzetz. Chil. iii. 812.) Traces of Phrygians also occur in Chalcidice. (Lycoph. 1404; Steph. B. s. V. Kpovais.) Further south they appear about Mount Oeta and even in Attica. (Thucyd. ii. 22 ; Strab. xiii. p. 621 ; Steph. B. s. v. ipvyia and ^piKiov; Eustath. ad Dionys. Per. 810.) Jlount Olympus, also, vras perhaps only a repetition of the Phrygian name. In the west of Edessa in Mace- donia, about lake Lychnidus, -we meet •with Bryges (Strab. vii. pp. 326, 327 ; Steph. B. s. v. Bpi;|), and ju the same vicinity we have the towns of Brygion, PHRYGIA. Brygias, and Mutatio Brucida. (Steph. B. s. vv.; It. Ilieros. p. 607.) The westernmost traces of Brygians we find about Dyrrhachium. (Strab. I. c. ; Appian, Bell. Civ. ii. 39; Scymn. 433, 436.) It is dithcult to determine how far Phrygian tribes ex- tended northward. The country beyond the eastern part of ]Iount Haemus seems to have been occupied at all times by Thracians; but Phrygians extended very far north on both sides of Mount Scardus, for Pannonia and Moesia seem to be only different forms for Paeonia and Mysia; and the Breucae on the Savus also betray their origin by their name. It is possible also that the Dardani were Phrygians, and descendants of the Teucrians in Troas; at least they are clearly distinguished from the Iliyrians. (Polyb. ii. 6.) Strabo, lastly, connects the Illyrian Henetes -with those of Asia Minor ■v'ho are men- tioned by Homer {11. ii. 852), and even the Dalma- tians are in one passage described as Armenians and Phrygians. (Cramer, Anecd. Graec. Ox. iii. p. 257.) If we sum up the results tlms obtained, we find that at one time the Phrygians constituted the main body of the population of the greater part of Thrace, Macedonia, and Illyricum. Allusions to their mi- grations into these countries are not waiting, for, independently of the traditions about the migrations of the Teucrians and Mysians (Herod, v. 13, vii. 20; Strab. Fragm. 37; Lycophr. 741, &c.), we have the account of the migration of Jlidas to the plains of Emathia, which evidently refers to the same great event. (Athen. xv. p. 603; Lycoph. 1397, &c.) The great commotions which took place hi Asia and Europe after the Trojan War were most unfortunate for the Phrygians. In Europe the Iliyrians pressed southwards, and from the north-east the Scytho- Thracian tribes pushed forward and occupied almost all the country east of the river Axius ; Hellenic colo- nies were established on the coasts, while the rising state of the Macedonians drove the Phrygians from Emathia. (Syncelh pp. 198, 261 ; Justin, viii. 1.) Under such cii'cumstances, it cannot surprise us to find that the great nation of the Phrygians disap- peared from Europe, where the Paeonians and Pan- nonians were their only remnants. It is probable that at that time many of them migrated back to Asia, an event dated by Xanthus ninety years before the Trojan War. It must have been about the same time that Lesser Mysia and Lesser Phiygia were formed in Asia, which is expressed by Strabo (xii. pp. 565, 571, 572, xiii. p. 586) in his statement that the Phrygians and Mysians conquered the ruler of the country, and took possession of Troas and the neighbouring countries. But in Asia Minor, toe, misfortunes came upot the Phrygians from, all quarters. From the south- east the Semitic tribes advanced further and further; Diodorus (ii. 2, &c.) represents Phi7gia as subdued even by Ninus ; but it is an historical fact that the Syrian Cappadocians forced themselves between the Armenians and Phrygians, and thus separated them. (Herod, i. 72, v. 49, vii. 72.) Strabo also (xii. p. 559) speaks of structures of Semiramis in Pontus. The whole of the south coast of Asia Minor, as far as Caria, received a Semitic population at a very early period ; and the ancient Phrygian or Pelasgian people were in some parts reduced to the condition of Helots. (Athen. iv. p. 271.) The latest of those Syrophoenician immigrants seem to have been the Lydians [Lydia], whose struggles with the Mysians are expressly mentioned. (Strab. xiii. p. 612; Scylax, p. 36.) This victorious progress of the
