INDUS. of these mouths, in a direction from W. to E., are: — 1. SayoTra aro/J-a (the Pitti or Lokari^, not impro- bably in the arm of tiie stream by which Alexander's fleet gained the Indian Ocean ; 2. SiVSoii/ trr^jiio (the Eikala); 3. Xpvcrovv (TTuixa (the Ilagamari or Kukavari), whereby merchai:dise and goods ascended to Tatta; 4. Xdf>t(pov aro/xa (the Mala?); 5. 2a- •napa ; 6. 2a§aAa or laSaXaca (the Pinyari or Sir); 7. Awyt€dp7] (probably Lonimri, the Parana, Darja or Kori). For the conjectural identifications of these mouths, most of which are now closed, ex- cept in high lioods, see Latsen's Map of Ancient India. The principal streams which flowed into the Indus are: — on the right or western bank of the river, tlie Choaspes, called by Arrian the Guraeus, and by Ptolemy the Suastus (the Allok); and the Cophen (^Cdbul river), with its own smaller tributary the Choes (the Koio); and, on the left or eastern bank, the greater rivers, — wiiicii give its name to the Pan- jdb (or the country of the Five Rivers), — the Acesines (CAe«u6), the Ilydaspes or Bidaspes {Jelum), the Hydraotes {Ravi) ; and the Hypanis or Hyphasis (the Sutledge). [See these rivers under their re- spective names.] As in the case of the Ganges, so in that of the Indus, it has been left to modern researches to determine accurately the real sources of the river: it is now well knowni that the Indus rises at a considerable distance on the NE. side of the Ilimdlaya, in what was considered by the Hindus their most sacred land, and which was also the dis- trict in which, on opposite sides of the mountains, the Brahmaputra, the Garges, aiid the J«7nfla, have their several sources. From its source, the Indus flows NW. to Jskardu, and thence W. and SW., till it bursts tlirough the mountain barriers, and descends into the plain of the Punjab, passing along the western edge of Cashmir. (Hitter, Erdkunde, vol. v. p. 2 1 6 ; Moorcroft, Travels in Ladakh and Cashmir, 1841.) The native naine Sindhu has been pre- ser-ed with remarkable accuracy, both in the Greek writers and in modern times. Thus, in the Peri- plus, we find Ztvdos (p. 23); in Ptolemy, XipOcdv (vii. 1. § 2), from which, by the softening of the Ionic pronunciation, the Greeks obtained their form "IvSos. (Cf. Plin. vi. 20 ; Cosmas, Indie, p. 337.) The present name is Sind or Sindhu. (Ritter, vol. v. pp. 29, 171.)^ [V.] INDUS, a river of the south-east of Caria, near the town of Cibyra. On its banks was situated, ac- cording to Livy (xxxviii. 14), the fort of Thabusion. Pliny (v. 29) states that sixty other rivers, and up- wards of a hundred mountain torrents, emptied them- selves into it. This river, which is said to have received its name from some Indian who had been thrown into it from an elephant, is probably no other than the river Calbis (KdA§is, Strab. xiv. p. 631 ; Ptol. V. 2. § II; Pomp. Jlela, i. 16), at present called Qiiimji, or Tavas, which has its sources on Mount Cadmus, above Cibyra, and passing through Caria empties itself into the sea near Caunus, oppo- site to the island of Rhodes. [L. S.J • INDU'STRIA, a town of Liguria, situated on the right bank of the Padus, about 20 miles below Turin. It is mentioned only by Pliny, who tells us that its ancient name was I5odincomagus, which he connects with Bodincus, the native name of the Padus [Padi's], and adds that it was at this point that river first attained a considerable depth. (Plin iii. 16. s. 20.) Its site (which was erroneously fixed by earlier writers at Casale) has been established beyond question at a place called Monteii di Po, a INGAUNI. 53 few miles below Chivasso, but on the right bank of the river, where excavations have brought to light numerous coins and objects of ancient art, some of them of great beauty, as well as several inscriptions, which leave no doubt that the remains thus dis- covered are those of Industria. They also prove that it enjoyed municipal rank under the Roman empire. (Ricolvi e Rivautella, Jl sito delV antica citta d' Industria, cfc, Torino, 174.5, 4to. ; Millin, Voy. en Piemont, vol. i. pp. 308 — 311.) [E. H. B.l INESSA. [Aktna.] INFERUM MARE. [Tykrhentjm Mare.] INGAEVONES. [Geumania and Hei.levio- NES.] INGAUNI O'lyyawoi), a Ligurian tribe, who inhabited the sea-coast and adjoining mountains, at the foot of the Maritime Alps, on the W. side of the Gulf of Genoa. Their position is clearly iden- tified by that of their capital or chief town, Albium Ingaunum, still called Albenga. They appear to have been in early times one of the most powerful and warlike of the Ligurian tribes, and bear a pro- minent part in the long-continued wars of the Ro- mans with that people. Their name is first men- tioned in B. c. 205, on occasion of the landing of JIago, tlie brother of Hannibal, in Liguria. They were at that time engaged in hostilities with the Epanterii, a neighbouring tribe who appear to have dwelt further inland: the Carthaginian general con- cluded an alliance with them, and supjiorted them against the mountaineers of the interior; he subse- quently returned to their capital after his defeat by the Romans in Cisalpine Gaul, and it was from thence that he took his final departure for Africa, B.C. 203. (Liv. xxviii. 46, xxx. 19.) After the close of the Second Punic War, b. c. 201, a treaty was concluded with the Ingauni by the Roman consul. C. Aelius (Id. x.xxi. 2); but sixteen years later (in b. c. 185) we find them at war with the Romans, when their territory was invaded by the consul Appius Claudius, who defeated them in se- veral battles, and took six of their towns. (Id. xxxix.-32.) But four years afterwards, B.C. 181, they were still in arms, and were attacked for the second time by the proconsul Aemilius Paullus. This general was at first involved in great perils, the Ingauni having surprised and besieged him in his camp; but he ultimately obtained a great and decisive victory, in which 1.5,000 of the enemy were killed and 2500 taken prisoners. This victory pro- cured to Aemilius the honour of a triumph, and was followed by the submission of the whole people of the Ingauni (" Ligurum Ingaunorum omne nomen "), while all the other Liguiians sent to Rome to sue for peace. (Liv. xl. 25 — 28,34.) From this time we hear nothing more of the Ingauni in history, pro- bably on account of the loss of the later books of Livy ; for that they did not long remain at peace with Rome, and that hostilities were repeatedly re- newed before they were finally reduced to submis- sion and settled down into the condition of Roman subjects, is clearly proved by the fact stated by Pliny, that their territory was assigned to them, and its boundaries fixed or altered, no less than thirty times. (" Liguribus Ingaunis agro tricies dato," Plin. iii. 5. s. 6.) They appear to have been much addicted, in common with other maritime Ligurian tribes, to habits of piracy, a tendency which they retained down to a late period. (Liv. xl. 28, 41 ; Vopisc. Procul. 12.) We find them still existing and recognised as a separate tribe in the days of E 3
