916 SARliIATIA. Of these there might be any amount, — their occur- rence in different and distant parts by no means implying migrations. The Avareni may be placed in GaUicia. South of them come the Ombrones, and the Anarto-phracti. Are these the Arnartes of Caesar? The Anartes of Caesar were on the eastern confines of the Hercynian forest {Bell Gall. vi. 24, 25), con- terminous with the Daci, a fact which, taken along with the physical conditions of the country, gives us Western GaUicia, or Attstrian Silesia, for the Anar- to-phracti. Then come the Burgiones, then the Ar- siaetae (compare with ylors>), then the Saboki, then the Piengitae, and then the Bessi, along the Car- pathian Mountains. Gallicia,v/th parts of Volhynia, and Podolia give us ample room for these obscure, and otherwise unnamed, populations. The populations of the second column lie to the east of those just enumerated, beginning again wilh the Venedi(y7rJ) toDs Ouei/e'Sas TraAiy). Vilna, Grodno, with parts of Minsk, Volhynia, Podolia, and Kiev give us an area over which we have si.x names to distribute. Its southern boundary are the Peucinian mountains {Bukhovinia ?). (1.) The Galindae. — These are carried too far east, i. e. if we are right in identifying them with the Galinditae of the Galandia and Golem of the middle ages, who are East Prussians on the Spir- ding Lake. (2.) The Sudeni.^ These, again, seem to be the Sudo-v.&s (the termination is non-radical in several Prussian names) conterminous with the Galinditae, but to the north-east of them. Their district is called Sudovia. (3.) The Stavani — Concerning these, we have the startling statement, that they extend as far as the Alauni (uexP' "^■' 'AAaiifCDi/). Is not "AXavvot an erroneous name developed out of some form of Taiv-5ai ? The extension of either the Stavani to Caucasus, or of the Alani to Prussia, is out of the question. (4.) The Igylliones. — Zeuss has allowed himself (s. V. Jaztvingi) to hold that the true form of this word is 'Itii77i4£i'€s, and to identify this with a name that appears in so many forms as to make almost any conjecture excusable, — Jazwingi, Jac- wingi, Jaczwingi, Jectoesin, Getuinzitae, Getwezitae, Jenluisiones, Jentuosi, Jacintiones, Jatuijazi, Jat- wjezi, or Getwesia, and Gotwezia, all actual forms. The area of the population, which was one of the most powerful branches of the Lithuanian stock in the I3th century, was part of Grodno, Minsk, and Volhynia, a locality that certainly suits the Igyl- liones. (5.) The Costoboci in Podolia. (6.) The Transmontani. — This is a name from the Latin of the Dacians, — perhaps, however, a trans- lation of the common Slavonic Za-volovskaje, i. e. over -the-water shed. It was applied, perhaps, to the population on the northern frontier of Dacia in general. The third list, beginning also with the Venedi, follows the line of the Baltic from Vilna and Cour- land towards Finland, and then strikes inland, east- wards and southwards. Immediately on the Venedic gulf lie the (1) Veltae (Ot/eAxai). Word for word, this is the Vylte and Wilzi of the middle ages ; a form which appears as early as Alfred. It was German, i. e. applied by the Franks to certain Slavonic population. It was also native, its plural being Weletabi. Few SAEMATIA. nations stand out more prominently than these Wilts of the Carlovingian period. They lie, how- ever, to the west of Prussia, and indeed of Poine- 7-ania, from which the Oder divided them. In short, they were in Mecklenburg, rather than in Livonia or Esthonia, like the Veltae of Tacitus. Word for word, however, the names are the same. The sy- nonym for these western Wiltae or Welatahi was Liut-ici (Luticzi). This we know from special evi- dence. A probable synonym for the Veltae of Tacitus was also some form of Lit-. This we infer from their locality being part of the present Lith-uama. and Lett-land. Add to this that one writer at least (Adam of Bremen) places Wilzi in the country of Ptolemy's Veltae. The exact explanation of this double appearance of a pair of names is unknown. It is safe, however, to place the Veltae in Lett-and, i. e. in the southern parts of Livonia, and probably in parts of Lithuania Proper and Courland. Con- stantino Porphyrogeneta mentions them as Vcltini. North of the Veltae — (2.) The Osii (Ossii), probably in the isle of Oesel. It should be added, however, the root ves-, ives-, appears frequently in the geography oi Prussia. Osilii, as a name for the occupants of Oesel, appears early in mediaeval history. (3.) The Carbones, north of the Osii. This is a name of many explanations. It may be the Finn word hr forest = Carho. It may be the root Cur- (or K-r which appears in a great number of Finn words, — Coralli {Karelian), Cur- (in Cur-land), Kur- (in Kur-sk), &c. The forms Curones and Curonia (Courland) approach it, but the locality is south instead of north. It more probably=A'ar-eZ««. It almost certainly shows that we have passed from the country of the Slavonians and Lithuanians to that of the Esthonians, Ingrians, and Finlauders. Then, to the east, — (4.) The Kar-eotae. — Here the Kar- is the common Finn root as before. Any part of the go- vernment of Novognrod or Olonetz might have sup- plied the name, the present Finns of both belonging to the A'rtj'elian division of the name (the -el- being non-radical). Then — (5, 6, 7, 8. 9, 10, 11, &c.) The Sali, south of whom the Agathyrsi, then the Aorsi and Pagy- ritae, south of whom the Savari, and Borasci as far as the Pihipaean mountains. Then the Akibi and Naski, south of whom the Vibiones and Idrae, and south of the Vibiones, as far as the Alauni, the Sturni. Between the Alauni and Hamaxobii the Karyones and Sargatii. At the bend of the Tanais the Ophlones and Tanaitae. There are few points in this list which are fixed. The bend of the Tanais {j=Don) would place the Ophlones in Ekaterinoslav. The Borusci, if they reached the Rhipaean mountains, and if these were the Uralian raihn than the T'oWa* range, must have extended far beyond both European and Asiatic Sarmatia. The Savari bear a name very like one in Nestor — the Sjevera, on the Desna, Sem, and Sula, — a word that may merely mean northern. It is a name that reappears in Caucasus — Sabeiri. The Aorsi may be the Ersad (the d is inflex- ional), a branch of the Mordvins, occupant at the present time of a tract on the Oka. The /"a-gyritae may have been the tribes on (j)0 = on) the Gerrhus, such compounds being common in Slavonic, e. g. /'o-labi (on the Elbe), /"o-morania (o« the sea),&c. The whole geography, however, is indefinite and uu- certain.
