934 SCULTEXXA. Si'pli. The city was about two or three miles in circumference; but of the walls only a few courses of masonry have been preserved. The acropolis stood at the south-western end of the site, below vliich, on the east and north, the ground is covered with foundations of buildings, heaps of stones, and fragments of tiles and pottery. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 454, seq.) SCULTEXXA {^KovTauva, Strab.: Panaro), a river of Gallia Cispadana, and one of the prin- cipal of the southern tributaries of the Padus. (Plin. iii. If), s. 20 ; P. Diac. Hist. Lanrj. iv. 47.) ]t crosses the Aemilian Way about .5 miles E. of Mutina {Modena), and falls into the Po a little be- low Bondeno, being the last of the tributaries of that river which now flow into its main stream. In the lower part of its course it now bears the name of Panaro, but in the upper part,_ before it leaves the valleys of the Apennines, it is still known as the ScoUenna. It has its sources in one of the loftiest and most rugged groups of the Apen- nines, at the foot of the Monte Cimone, and from thence flows for many miles through a deep and winding valley, which appears to have been the abode of the Ligurian tribe of the Friniates. The district still bears on old maps the title of Frignano. (Ma- gini. Carte d' Italia, tav. 16.) In B.C. 177 the banks of the Scultenna were the scene of a decisive conflict between the Ligurians and the Roman con- sul C. Claudius, in which the former were defeated with great slaughter (Liv. xli. 12, 18); but the site of the battle is not more exactly iudxated. Strabo speaks of the plains on the banks of the Scultenna, probably in the lower part of its course, as producing wool of the finest qualitv. (Strab. v. p. 218.) '[E.H.B.] SCUPI CSkovttoi, Ptol. iii. 9. § 6. viii. 11. § 5 ; Hierocl.; Niceph. Bryenn. iv. 18; Geog. Eav. iv. 15; ri S/coTTia, Anna Comn. ix. p. 253; Ikovxiou, Procop. f?e^fifZ. iv. 4; OnWi, Iiiscr. 1790: Uschkuh), a town which, from its important position at the debouche from the Illyrian into the plains of Paeonia and the Upper Axius, was in all ages the frontier town of Illyricum towards ^lacedonia. There is no evidence of its ever having been po.ssessed by the kings of Macedonia or Paeonia. Under the Romans it was ascribed to Dardania, as well in the time of Ptolemy as in the fifth century, when it was the capital of the new diocese of Dardania (^Marquardt, in Becker's Rom. Alt. iii. pt. I. p. 110). The Roman road from Stobi to Naissus passed by Scupi, which was thus brought into connection with the great SE. route from VImlnacium on the Danube to Byzantium. It was probably seldom under the complete authority of Constantinople, though after the memorable vic- tory in which, under its walls, Basil, the " Slayer of the Bulgarians ", in the beginning of the eleventh century, avenged the defeat he had suffered from Samuel, king of Bulgaria, twenty-one years before, in the passes of lit. Haemus, this city surrendered to the Byzantine army (Cedren. p. 694). In the reign of ISIichael Palaeologus it was wrested from the emperor by the Servians, and became the residence of the Krai (Cantacuzenus, p. 778.) Einally, under Sultan Bayezid, Scupi, or the " Bride of Rumili," received a colony of Ottoman Turks (Chalcondylos, p. 31). (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 478.) [E.B.J.] SCURGUM (^'S.Kovpyov), a town in the north of Germany, in the terrltoiw of the Helvecones, be- tween the Yiadus and the Vistula, the exact site of SCYLACIUM. which is unknown. (Ptol. ii. 11. § 27; comp. Wil- helm, Germanien. p. 253.) [L. S.] SCYDISES (SkuSiVtjs), a chain of ruggctl mountains in the east of Pontus, which was con- nected in the north with the Moschiei Montes on the east, and with Jlons Paryadres on the north-west, while in the south-west it was connected with Anti- taurus. (Strab. xi. p. 497, xli. p. 548; Ptol. v. 6. § 8, where it is called SK-opSiVwos.) Modern tra- vellers identify it with the Tahambii Bel {Wicittr Jahrhiicher, vol. cv. p. 21.) [L. S.] SCYDRA {'S.Kvhpa : Eth. -^KvSpalos), a town of Emathia in Macedonia, which Ptolemy places be- tween Tyrissa and Mieza. (Steph. B. s. v. ; Ptol. iii. 13. § 39 ; Plin. iv. 10. s. 17.) It is perhaps the same as the station Scurio in the Jerusalem Itinerary (p. 606), where it is placed between Edessa and Pella, at the distance of 15 miles from either. (Cramer, Ancient Greece, vol. i. p. 228.) SCYLACE (S/cuAafCTj), an ancient Pelasgian town of Mysia, on the coast of the Propontis, east of Cyzicus. (Steph. B. s. r.) In this place and the neighbouring Placia, the Pelasgians, according to Herodotus (i. 57), had preserved their ancient lan- guage down to his time. Scylax (p. 35) mentions only Placia, but Mela (i. 19) and Pliny (v. 40) speak of both as still existing. These towns seem never to have been of any importance, and to have decaved at an early period. [L. S.] SOYLA'CIUM' or SCYLLE'TIUM (2fci;AA»;- Tiov, Steph. B., Strab. ; S/cuAa/cioc, Ptol. : Eth. ^kvWt^tikos : Squiilace'), a town on the E. coiist of Bruttium, situated on the shores of an extensive bay, to which it gave the name of Scylleticus Sinus. (Strab. vi. p. 261.) It is this bay, still known as the Gulf of Squiilace, which indents the coast of Bruttium on the E. as deeply as that of Hipponium or Terina (the Gulf of St. E'lfemia) does on the W., so that they leave but a comparatively narrow Isthmus between them. (Strab. I. c. ; Plin. Iii. 10. s. 15.) [BRUTTiUJr.] According to a tra- dition generally received in ancient times, Scylletlum was founded by an Athenian colony, a part of the followers who had accompanied Menestheus to the Trojan War. (Strab. Z.c; Plin. /. c. ; Serv.adAen. iii. 553.) Another tradition was, however, extant, which ascribed its foundation to Ulysses. (Cassiod. Var. xli. 1 5 ; Serv. I. c.) But no historical value can be attached to such statements, and there is no trace in historical times of Scylletlum having been a Greek colony, still less an Athenian one. Its name is not mentioned either by Scylax or Scymnus Chins in enumerating the Greek cities in this part of Italy, nor is there any allusion to its Athenian origin in Thu- cydides at tiie time of the Athenian expedition to Sicily. We learn from Diodorus (xiii. 3) that it certainly did not display any friendly feeling towards the Athenians. It appears. Indeed, during the his- torical period of the Greek colonies to have been a place of inferior consideration, and a mere depen- dency of Crotona, to which city it continued subject till it was wrested from its power by the elder Diony- sins.who assigned it with Its territory to the Locrians. (Strab. vi. p. 261.) It is evident that it was still a small and unimportant place at the time of the Second Punic War, as no mention is found of its name during the operations of Hannibal in Brut- tium, though he appears to have for some time had his head quarters in its Immediate neighbourhood, and the place called Castra Hanniballs must have been very near to Scylacium. [Castra Han-
