974 SIBARIA. the junction of the Hydaspes and Acesines, en- countered by Alexander in his attempt to invade India. They are described as a rude, warlike peojile, armed only with clubs fur defensive weapons. The Greeks noticed this use of the club, and that the people were in the habit of branding the representa- tion of a club on the backs of their cattle, and that they were clothed in the skins of wild animals. From these facts they inferred that they must be descendants of Hercules. There can be doubt that they are the same race as are called Sobii in Curtius (ix. 4. § 2). A tribe of similar character, called Siapul or Siaptich, still exists in that country, who use the club, and wear the skins of goats for clothins;. (Ritter, vii. p. 279, v. p. 467; Bohlen, Alte-Indieii, i. p. 208.) It is possible that they have derived their name from the god Siva. [V.] SIBA'RIA, a town of the Vettones in Hispania Tarraconensis, N. of Salmantica, and on the road from Emerita to Caesaraugusta. (^Itin. Ant. p. 434.) Variously identified with Santiz, Fuente de Saburra, Peiiauseiide, and Zamocina. [T. H. D.] SIBDA (2ig5a: Eth. SiSSai'os, 2/g5iTr)s), a place in Caria, and one of the six towns which were given by Alexander the Great to Ada, a daughter of king Hecalomnus of Halicarnassus, and thus became subject to Halicarnassus. (Steph. B. s.v.; Plin. v. 29.) Its exact site cannot be ascertained. [L. S.] SIBERE'NA (2i§6p^v7j: Sta Sevei'ina), a town of Bruttium situated in the mountains about 15 miles NV. of Crotona. The name is mentioned only by Stephanus of Byzantium (s. v.), who calls it an Oenotrian city, but it is probable that it is the same place which is now called Santa Severina, an appel- lation that is already noticed by Constantine Por- phyrogenitus in the tenth century. It was at that time apparently a place of importance, but is now much decayed. (Const. Porph. de Adm. Imp. ii. 10; Holsten. Obs. in Steph. Byz. s. v.) [E. H. B.] SI'BERIS (:S,i6epis), a river of Galatia, a tri- butaiy of the Sangarius; it flowed in a south- ■western direction, and joined the main river near the little town of Syceon, not far from Juliopolis. (Procop. de Aed. v. 4.) Procopius also mentions that this river frequently overflowed its banks, a fact which is perhaps alluded to in the name of a station called Hycron Potamon, about 13 miles east of Julio- polis {It. Hieros. p. 574); though it is possible also that the name may be misspelt for Hieron Potamon, which is only another name for the Hieras of Pliny (v. 43), and unquestionably identical with the Siberis which now bears the name of Kirmir. [L. S.] SIBUZA'TES, an Aquitanian people, who sub- mitted to P. Crassus, Caesar's legatus in b. c. 56. {B. G. iii. 27.) There are many varieties in the manuscript readings of this name. It is merely by conjecture founded on resemblance of name, that they have been placed about Saubtisse or Sobiisse, on the Adorn; between Aquae Tarbellicae {Dax) and Bayonne. [G. L.] SIBYLLA'TES, one of the Aquitanian tribes mentioned by Pliny (iv. 19). D'Anville conjectures that the name is preserved in that of the Vallis Subola, mentioned by Fredegarius. He argues that they cannot be the same people as the Sibuzates who submitted to P. Crassus, because Caesar speaks of a few of the remotest Aquitanian tribes which did not submit to the Roman general, trusting to the approaching winter season (-B. G. iii. 27); from which remark we may infer that these remotest tribes were in the valleys of the Pyrenees. " The people of the SICAMBRI. valley of 5b«fe might derive this advantage from their situation, which is shut in between Loio Navarre and the high part of Beam. (D'Anville.) [G. L.] SIBYRTUS. [Sybrita.] SICAMBRI, SYCAMRRI, SYGAMBRI, SU- GAMBRI, or SUCAMBRI (Su-ya^Spoi, 2oi>yaM§poi, or '2ovKajj.§poi), a powerful German tribe, occupying in the time of Caesar the eastern bank of the Rhine, and extending from the Sieg to the Lippe. It is generally assumed that this tribe derived its name from the little river Skg, which falls into the Rhine a httle below Bonn, and during the middle ages was called Sega, Segaha, but is not mentioned by any ancient writer; this assumption, however, is at least only a probable conjecture, though it must be admitted that in the time of Caesar they inhabited the country north and south of the Sieg, and to the north of the Ubii. (Caes. B. G. iv. 16, foil., vi. 35; Strab. vii. pp. 290, 291; Dion Cass, xxxix. 48, xl. 32, liv. 20, 32, 33, 36.) When the Usipetes and Tencteri were defeated by Caesar, the remnants of these tribes took refuge in the country of the Sicambri, who took them under their protection. Caesar then de- manded their surrender; and this being refused, he built his fjimous bridge across the Rhine to strike terror into the Germans. The Sicambri, however, did not wait for his arrival, but, on the advice of the Usi- petes and Tencteri, quitted their own country and withdrew into forests and uninhabited districts, whither Caesar neither would nor could follow them. A few years later, b. C. 51, during the war against the Eburones, we find Sicambri fighting against the army of Caesar on the left bank of the Rhine, and nearly defeating the Romans; Caesar's arrival, who had been in another part of Gaul, alone saved his legions. The Sicambri were then obliged to return across the Rhine. In B.C. 16 the Sicambri, with the Usipetes and Tencteri, again invaded Gallia Bel- gica, and M. Lollius, who had provoked the bar- barians, sustained a serious defeat. A similar at- tack which was made a few years later, was repelled by Drusus, who pursued the Germans into their own country. After the withdrawal of the Romans, the Sicambri formed a confederation among their country- men against the common enemy, and as the Chatti who had received the country of the Ubii on the right bank of the Rhine, refused to join them, the Sicambri made war upon them; and as they left their own territory unprotected, Drusus penetrated through it into the interior of Germany. After the death of Drusus, Tiberius undertook the completion of his plans against Germany. None of the tribes offered a more vigorous resistance than the Sicambii ; but in the end they were obliged to submit, and 40,000 Sicambri and Suevi were transplanted into Gaul, where as subjects of Rome they received settle- ments between the lower course of the Meuse and the Rhine. In that country they subsequently formed an important part of the nation or confede- racy of the Franks. Those Sigambri who were not transplanted into Gaul seem to have withdrawn into the hills of Mons Retico, and for a long time they are not mentioned in history ; they reappear in the time of Ptolemy (ii. 11. § 8), when they are spoken of as neighbours of the Bructeri Minores. The Si- cambri are described as bold, brave, and cruel, and we hear nothing of towns in their country; they seem in fact to have lived in villages and isolated farms. (Caes. B. G. iv. 19; comp. Tac. Ann. ii. 26, iv. 47, xii. 39; Suet. Aug. 21, Tib. 9; Eutrop, vii. 9; Oros. vi. 21; Horat. Carm. iv. 2. 36. 14.
