cupied the throne. Since the century began
there had been three kings of England—men all advanced in years—of whom the
first was an imbecile, the second a profligate, and the third little better than a
buffoon. The principle of monarchy was an
article of faith with the British people which
the personal unfitness of the monarch seemed
unable to touch. But the substitution for
kings whose characters could not inspire respect of an innocent girl, with what promised to be a long and virtuous life before
her, evoked at the outset in the large mass
of the people a new sentiment a sentiment
of chivalric devotion to the monarchy which
gave it new stability and rendered revolution
impossible. Although the play of party politics failed to render the sentiment universal,
and some actions of the queen in the early and
late years of the reign severely tried it, it was
a plant that, once taking root, did not readily
decay. Politicians of the high rank of Lord
Palmerston, the foreign secretary in the
whig ministry, and Sir Robert Peel, leader of
the tories in the House of Commons deplored the young queen's inexperience and
ignorance of the world ; but such defects were
more specious than real in a constitutional
monarch, and, as far as they were disadvantageous, were capable of remedy by time.
Sydney Smith echoed the national feeling
when, preaching in St. Paul's Cathedral on
the first Sunday of her reign, he described
the new sovereign as 'a patriot queen,' who
might be expected to live to a ripe old age
and to contribute to the happiness and pro-
sperity of her people. 'We have had glorious
female reigns,' said Lord John Russell, the
home secretary under Melbourne, a few weeks
later. ' Those of Elizabeth and Anne led us
to great victories. Let us now hope that
we are going to have a female reign illustrious in its deeds of peace an Elizabeth without her tyranny, an Anne without her weakness' (Walpole, Life of Lord John Russell, i. 284).
Owing to her sex, some changes in the position and duties of a British sovereign were inevitable. The Salic law rendered her incompetent to succeed to the throne of Hanover, which British sovereigns had filled since George the elector of Hanover became George I of England in 1714. Hanover had been elevated from an electorate to a The queen and Hanover. kingdon by the congress of Vienna in 1814, and the kingdom now passed to the queen's uncle, the next heir after her to the English throne, Ernest, duke of Cumberland. The dissolution of the union between England and Hanover was acquiesced in readily by both countries. They had long drifted apart in political sentiments and aspirations. The new king of Hanover was altogether out of sympathy with his royal niece. He proved an illiberal and reactionary ruler ; but she, in whom domestic feeling was always strong, took a lively interest in the fortunes of his family, and showed especial kindness to them in the trials that awaited them. At home the main alteration in her duty as sovereign related to the criminal law. Death was the punishment accorded to every manner of felony until William IV's parliament humanely reduced the number of capital offences to four or five, and it had been the custom of the sovereign personally to revise the numerous capital sentences pronounced in London at the Old Bailey. At the close of each session these were reported to the sovereign by the recorder for final judgment. A girl was obviously unfitted to perform this repugnant task.The queen and criminal law. Accordingly the and the queen was promptly relieved of it by act of parliament (7 William IV and 1 Vict. cap. 77). Outside London the order of the court to the sheriff had long been sufficient to insure the execution of the death penalty. To that practice London now conformed, while the home secretary dealt henceforth by his sole authority with petitions affecting offenders capitally convicted, and was alone responsible for the grant of pardons, reprieves, or respites. Whenever capital sentences were modified by the home secretary, he made a report to that effect to the queen, and occasionally it evoked comment from her ; but his decision was always acted on as soon as it was formed. Thus, although the statute of 1837 formally reserved 'the royal prerogative of mercy,' the accession of a woman to the throne had the paradoxical effect of practically annulling all that survived of it.
But, while the queen was not called on to do every thing that her predecessors had done, she studied with ardour the routine duties of her station and was immersed from the moment of her accession in pressing business. The prime minister, Melbourne, approached his task of giving her political instructionLord Melbourne's instruction. with exceptional tact bourne's and consideration, and she proved on the whole an apt pupil. Melbourne was the leader of the whig party, whose constitutional principles denied the sovereign any independence ; but it was with the whigs that her father had associated himself, and association with them was personally congenial to her. None the less, she was of an imperious, self-reliant, and somewhat wilful disposition ; she was naturally
