came, he was a second time ejected, i.e. from St. John's. In his farewell sermon, preached 17 Aug. 1662, he spoke thus memorably: ‘Let him never be accounted a sound christian that doth not fear God and honour the king. I beg that you would not suffer our nonconformity, for which we patiently bear the loss of our places, to be an act of unpeaceableness and disloyalty. We will do anything for his majesty but sin. We will hazard anything for him but our souls. We hope we could die for him, only we dare not be damned for him. We make no question, however we may be accounted of here, we shall be found loyal and obedient subjects at our appearance before God's tribunal.’ Like Baxter, he could have gained a mitre for conformity by the influence of his friend the Earl of Radnor; but ‘he was faithful to his conscience to the last.’ He remained in Exeter after his ejection. ‘Some of the magistrates, who were very severe against other dissenting ministers, yet favoured and connived at him.’ Dr. Lamplugh, bishop of Exeter, quashed all ‘procedure’ against him, and ‘spoke very honourably of Mr. Adkins for his learning and moderation.’ Notwithstanding he was called on to endure a good deal of suffering. He died 28 March 1685, aged 59. His funeral sermon was preached by George Trosse. There were published of his ‘The Sin and Danger of Popery, in six sermons’ (Exon. 1712, 8vo) and his ‘Farewell Sermon at St. John's’ (Exon. 1715, 8vo).
[Calamy's Account (1713), ii. 214; Calamy's Continuation (1727), p. 238; Calamy and Palmer's Nonconf. Mem. ii. 32–35, ed. 1802; David's Annals of Evangelical Nonconf. in Essex, 1863, pp. 524–26.]
ADOLPH, ADOLF, or ADOLPHE, JOSEPH ANTONY (1729–1762), painter, born at Nikolsburg in Moravia, was the son of Joseph Frank Adolph, painter to Prince C. Max von Dietrichstein. He came to England in 1745; he painted an equestrian portrait of George III when Prince of Wales, which was engraved by Baron. The engraving was published in 1755. During his stay in England, which lasted for some years, Adolph is said to have been engaged chiefly as a portrait painter; but on his return to Austria he was employed in the decoration of interiors, adorning walls with frescoes, and painting the ceilings of large saloons. Three altar-pieces by him are in the collegiate church of Nikolsburg. He died at Vienna, 17 Jan. 1762.
[Nagler's Künstler-Lexikon (edited by Meyer, 1872); Heineken's Dict. des Artistes dont nous avons des Estampes.]
ADOLPHUS FREDERICK, Duke of Cambridge (1774–1850), the tenth child and seventh son of King George III and Queen Charlotte, was born at the Queen's Palace, St. James's Park (now Buckingham Palace) in the evening of 24 Feb. 1774. On 2 June 1786 he was made a knight of the Garter, with three of his elder brothers; and on that occasion a new statute was read enlarging the number of the order, and ordaining that it should ‘in future consist of the sovereign and twenty-five knights, exclusive of the sons of his majesty or his successors.’ Having received his earlier education at Kew under Dr. Hughes and Mr. Cookson, he was sent, with his brothers Ernest and Augustus—afterwards severally Dukes of Cumberland and Sussex—to Göttingen, at the university of which they were entered on 6 July 1786. The three members of the ‘little colony’ sent by the king were ‘highly delighted and pleased’ with their academical pursuits and associations. ‘I think,’ writes the king to Bishop Hurd under date 30 July, ‘Adolphus for the present seems the favourite of all, which, from his lively manners, is natural; but the good sense of Augustus will in the end prove conspicuous’ (Jesse's Memoirs of the Life and Reign of George III, ii. 531).
In 1793 Prince Adolphus Frederick, who had visited the court of Prussia to perfect his knowledge of military tactics, was appointed colonel in the Hanoverian army, and, after serving for a short time as a volunteer with the British forces before Dunkirk, arrived in England in September of the same year, towards the close of which he was appointed colonel of the Hanoverian guards. He served in the campaign of 1794–5 as colonel and major-general in General Walmoden's corps, and on 24 Aug. 1798 was promoted to be lieutenant-general in the Hanoverian service, from which he was transferred, 18 June 1803, with the same rank, to the British army. On 17 November following he was appointed to be colonel-in-chief of the king's German legion, a force in British pay, and destined for the relief of Hanover, then menaced, together with the rest of eastern and northern Europe, by the French armies. Disappointed, however, at the indifference of the Hanoverians to the honour and advantage of their connection with England, the prince presently returned to this country, leaving the British forces under the command of Count Walmoden, who soon afterwards surrendered.
Peerages fell comparatively late to the younger sons of George III, and were conferred simultaneously on the Princes Augustus—whose principal creation was that of
