spoke with hesitation, he attained eloquence in vindicating freedom. He had suffered so much that he not unnaturally became convinced that suffering was the only qualification for a public teacher, and doubted the integrity of those who had dared nothing. The ferocity with which he was assailed drove him to extremes in self-defence, which, however, were temperate when compared with the insolence of his powerful assailants; but in him it was deemed license, in them respectable indignation. His merit was, that he the method of moral resistance and accomplished by endurance what violence could not have effected. He lived to discern that sensation is not progress and denunciation is not instruction, and by his want of consideration in speech he created a dislike of the truth he vindicated. The faults of Carlile will be forgiven in consideration of his having done more than any other Englishman in his day for the freedom of the press.
Besides the works mentioned above, Carlile edited two serials: ‘The Prompter,’ 1830–1; and ‘The Gauntlet,’ 1883. He was also the author of ‘The Moralist,’ a series of moral essays, and of the following (among numerous other) pamphlets: 1. ‘A Letter to the Society for the Suppression of Vice,’ 1819. 2. ‘An Effort to set at rest some little dispute and misunderstanding between the Reformers of Leeds . . .’ 1821 3. ‘To the Reformers of Great Britain (Five Letters from Dorchester Gaol),’ 1821. 4. ‘An Address to Men of Science, calling upon them to stand forward and Vindicate the Truth . . .’ 1821. 5. ‘Observations on Letters to a Friend on . . . Christian Religion by Olinthus Gregory . . .’ 1821. 6. ‘Guide to Virtue and Morality through the Pages of the Bible,’ 1821. 7. ‘Every Man's Book, or What is God?’ 1826. 8. ‘The Gospel according to Richard Carlile,’ 1827. 9. ‘A Sermon upon the subject of the Deity, preached . . . from the pulpit before the Congregation of the Church of Mount Brinksway, near Stockport, formerly, before their Conversion, the Congregation of Bible Christians,’ 1827. 10. ‘A New View of Insanity,’ 1831. 11. ‘A Letter to C. Larkin, of the Newcastle Press,’ 1884. 12. ‘Church Reform,’ 1835. 13. ‘An Address to . . . Reformers on the Political Excitement of the Present Time’ (published by Thomas Paine Carlile, Manchester), 1839. Just before his death he had begun a weekly periodical called the ‘Christian Mirror.’
[The Gauntlet, 1883; The Republican, vols. ii–xviii.; A Scourge; The Christian Warrior; Holyoake's Life and Character of R. Carlile (1848); Lion, vols. i. and ii.; Oracle of Reason, vol. i. (1841); Sherwin’s Republican; the Lancet, No. 1016 (184); bibliographical notes kindly supplied by Mr. C. W. Sutton of Manchester.]
CARLINGFORD, Earl of (d. 1677). [See Taafe, Theobald.]
CARLINI, AGOSTINO (d. 1790), sculptor and painter, was a native of Genoa, who came to England early in life and became the most celebrated sculptor of his day, distinguished particularly for his drapery. He was one of the original members of the Royal Academy (1769) and succeeded Moser as keeper in 1783. His best-known work is a statue of the notorious Doctor Ward (whose portrait is introduced by Hogarth in plate v. of the ‘Harlot’s Progress’), which he executed for the Society of Arts. It is said that ‘in order to make this statue talked of and seen at the sculptor's studio,’ the doctor allowed him 200l. a year 'to enable him to work at it occasionally till it was finished, and this sum the artist continued annually to receive till his death.’ Other works of his were two statues for Somerset House and the masks on the keystones of the Strand front of that building representing the rivers Tyne, Dee, and Severn; the model of an equestrian statue of George III (exhibited 1769); a figure of ‘Maritime Power’ (1770); one of ‘Plenty’ (1783); and a design made in 1770 for a monument to Alderman Beckford, which was engraved by Bartolozzi. He exhibited five works at the Society of Artists, and eleven at the Royal Academy between 1760 and 1736. In 1776 he exhibited a portrait of a nobleman in oil. He is said to have been indebted to his friend Cipriani for some of his designs. There are some original drawing by him in the British Museum. He died at his house in Carlisle Street, Soho, 16 Aug. 1790. There is an engraving of Carlini with Cipriani and Bartolozzi, by J. R. Smith, after Rigaud.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Nollekens and his Times; Nagler's Künstler-Lexikon; Gent. Mag. 1790; An. Reg. 1768. 1770.]
CARLISLE. [See also Carleill, Carliell, Carlile, and Carlyle.]
CARLISLE, Sir ANTHONY (1768–1840), surgeon, was born at Stillington, Durham, in 1768. He became the medical pupil of an uncle at York, after whose death he was placed under Mr. Green, founder of the Durham City Hospital. After attending the lectures of John Hunter, Baillie, and Cruikshank, and being the resident pupil of Mr. Henry Watson, surgeon to Westminster Hospital, he succeeded to the surgeoncy, on
