those of his parents, he attributed to the operation of the corn laws. In 1821 his wife's relatives raised a little money, and with this as capital he started in business in the iron trade in Sheffield. On the whole he was very prosperous for a number of years. Some days he made as much as 20l. without leaving his counting-house, or even seeing the goods from which he made the profits. His prosperity attained its highest point in 1837, when he ought, he says, to have retired. He lost heavily after that for some time, but was able notwithstanding to settle up his business and leave Sheffield in 1842 with about 6,000l. His losses here were again, he thought, due to the manner in which the corn laws impeded his efforts.
At Sheffield Elliott was most active in literature and politics, as well as in commerce. The bust of Shakespeare in his counting-house, the casts of Achilles, Ajax, and Napoleon in his workshop typified the fact that he had other interests besides money-making. He engaged in the reform agitation, but was disappointed at what he thought the small results of the measure. He then engaged actively in the chartist movement, and was present as delegate from Sheffield in the great public meeting held in Palace Yard, Westminster, in 1838. When O'Connor induced the chartists to repudiate the corn law repeal agitation, he withdrew from the chartist movement, for his hatred of the 'bread tax' was all through the deepest principle in his life. He believed it had caused his father's ruin, his own losses and disappointments, both as workman and capitalist; it was ruining the country, and would cause a terrible revolution. Thus all his efforts came to be directed to the repeal agitation. 'Our labour, our skill, our profits, our hopes, our lives, our children's souls are bread taxed,' he exclaims. He scarcely spoke or wrote of anything besides the corn laws. My heart, he writes,
. . . once soft as woman's tears, is gnarled
In the gloating on the ills I cannot cure.
It was this state of mind that produced the 'Corn-law Rhymes' (1831), 'Indignatio facit versus.' They are couched in vigorous and direct language, and are full of graphic phrases. The bread tax has 'its maw like the grave; 'the poacher' feeds on partridge because bread is dear;' bad government is
The deadly will that takes
What labour ought to keep;
It is the deadly power that makes
Bread dear and labour cheap.
They are free from the straining after effect, and from the rhapsodies, commonplaces, and absurdities which disfigure much of Elliott's other poetry. Representing the feelings of the opposers of the corn laws, the rhymes give us a truer idea of the fierce passion of the time than even the speeches of Cobden and Bright. Animated by somewhat of the same feelings as the 'Corn-law Rhymes' are 'The
Ranter,' 'The Village Patriarch' (1829), and 'The Splendid Village,' all vividly describing life among the poor in England. Elliott also
wrote 'Keronah, a drama; 'a brief and somewhat curious piece on Napoleon Bonaparte, entitled 'Great Folks at Home,' and a large
number of miscellaneous poems, including 'Rhymed Rambles.' After his retirement from business in 1841 Elliott lived at Great Houghton, near Barnsley, where he was chiefly occupied in literary pursuits. He died there, having lived to see the hated 'bread tax' abolished, on 1 Dec. 1849, and was buried at Darfield Church. Very shortly before his
death his daughter was married to John Watkins, his biographer. Elliott had a family of thirteen children, most of whom, together
with his wife, survived him. Elliott was a small, meek-looking man. Though engaged in many almost revolutionary movements, and though once in danger of prosecution, he was really conservative by nature, and brought up two of his sons as clergymen of the established church. It was only under a burning sense of injustice that he acted as he did. 'My feelings,' he says, 'have been hammered until they have become cold-short, and are apt to snap and fly off in sarcasms.' But except when roused he was good-natured and pleasant; too much given, his friends thought, to say kind things to the many scribblers who in later days sent their verses to him. 'I do not like to give pain,' he remarked; 'writing will do these poor devils no harm, but good, and save them from worse things.' As a speaker, Elliott was practical and vigorous, though at times given to extravagant statements. A bronze statue, by Burnard of London, subscribed for by the working men of Sheffield, was erected at a cost
of 600l. in the market-nlace of that town, in 1854, to the memory of Elliott. Landor wrote a fine ode on the occasion. The statue was
afterwards removed to Weston Park.
[Watkins's Life, Poetry, and Letters of Ebenezer Elliott (1850); Searle's Memoir of Ebenezer Elliott (1850); Early Autobiography in Athenæum, 12 Jan. 1850; R. E. Leader's Reminiscences of Old Sheffield (1876). A new and revised edition of Elliott's works, edited by his son, Edwin Elliott, was published in 1876. Portraits are prefixed to Tait's edition (Edinburgh, 1840), and an edition of the Splendid Village, &c., published in 1833. An interesting critique by Carlyle on the Corn-law Rhymes is included in his
