Cædmon. The positive assertion of ten Brink, Sweet, and Grein that ‘Cynewulf was a Northumbrian’ is denied by Wülker and Morley, but it has the greatest concurrence of probability on its behalf.
The text of Cynewulf's poems may be found in print in ‘Codex Exoniensis,’ with translation by B. Thorpe, London, 1842, of which a new edition, with a translation by Mr. I. Gollancz, is shortly to appear (Early English Text Soc.); in ‘The Poetry of the Codex Vercellensis,’ with translation by J. M. Kemble, Ælfric Society, 1844 and 1856; in Grein's ‘Bibl. der A.-S. Poesie,’ 1857, i. 149-232, 238–48, 362–5, ii. 7–146, 369–407; and in Wülker's edition of Grein, Kassel, Bd. i. 1883, Bd. ii. 1888 (not yet completed). The ‘Elene’ has been edited by J. Zupitza, 3rd ed. Berlin, 1888; and by Charles W. Kent, Boston, U.S.A., 1889.
Translations of Cynewulf into German appear in ‘Dichtungen der A.-S. stabreimend übersetzt, von C. W. M. Grein,’ Göttingen, 2nd ed. 1859. The following English translations have been issued: ‘Elene,’ by R. F. Weymouth, 1888, and by J. M. Garnett, Boston, U.S.A., 1889; ‘Dream’ and ‘Seafarer,’ by H. Sweet in Warton's ‘History of English Poetry,’ ed. Hazlitt, 1871, ii. 17–19; ‘Dream of the Cross,’ in H. Morley's ‘English Writers,’ 1888, ii. 237; ‘Wanderer,’ by Miss Hickey, in ‘Academy,’ 14 May 1881.
[The difficult questions involved in Cynewulf's works and life are generally discussed by ten Brink in History of English Literature, vol. i., Kennedy's translation, revised by author, 1883, pp. 386–9, and in Zeitschrift (Anzeiger) für deutsches Alterthum, xxiii. 60; by Fra. Dietrich in Ueber Crist, in the same Zeitschrift, 1853, ix. 193–214, and in his Disputatio de Cruce Ruthwellensi, Marburg, 1865; by Rieger in Ueber Cynewulf, in Zacher's Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie, i. 215, 313; by Dr. Sweet in Sketch of Hist. of A.-S. Poetry in Warton's Hist. English Poetry, ed. Hazlitt, 1871, 16–19; by R. P. Wülker in Anglia, i. 483–507, and ib. v. 451 (account of Vercelli MS.); by Henry Morley in English Writers, 1888, ii. 192–248. The Riddles are considered by H. Leo in Quæ de se ipso Cynewulfus … tradiderit, Halle, 1857; by Dietrich in Ebert's Jahrbuch, i. 241, in Zeitschrift für deutsches Alterthum, xi. 448, xii. 232, and in Commentatio de Kynewulfi poetæ ætate, Marburg, 1860; by Trautmann in Anglia, 1883, vi. 158 of Anzeiger; by A. Prehn, in Komposition und Quellen der Rätsel des Exeterbuches, Paderborn, 1883; and by H. Bradley in Academy, xxxiii. 198. Guthlac is treated by Charitius, Anglia, ii. 265; and by Lefèvre, ib. vi. 181. The Phœnix by Gäbler, ib. iii. 488. Andreas by Fritzsche, ib. ii. 441 (F. Ramhorst opposes this in Der heiligen Andreas und der Dichter Cynewulf Leipzig, 1886). Quellen der Elene, by O. Glöde Anglia, ix. 271, and Juliana, ib. xi. 146; Holtbuer, ib. viii. 1, and Rössger, viii. 338, treat of the use of the genitive in certain of the poems. E. Sievers, ib. xiii. 1, 1890, discusses the name and runes announced by Napier in Ztsft. für deu. Alterthum, xxxiii. 70. For fuller bibliography see R. P. Wülker's ‘Cynewulf und sein Kreis’ (an important article in Grundriss zur Geschichte der A.-S. Litteratur, pp. 147–217, Leipzig, 1885), and Wülker's edition of Grein's Bibliothek der Angel-sächsischen Poesie, Bd. ii. Hälfte i. 210, as well as Zupitza's and Kent's editions of Elene.]
KYNGESBURY or KYNBURY, THOMAS (fl. 1390), Franciscan and D.D. of Oxford, was twenty-sixth provincial minister of the English Minorites from 1380 to 1390, or longer. At the beginning of the great schism he induced the English Franciscans to take an oath of adherence to Urban VI. He was in favour at court; Richard II urged Boniface IX to provide him to the next vacant bishopric (c. 1390). Perhaps Thomas died soon afterwards. He was buried at Nottingham. Though no writings of his remain, he clearly encouraged the study of science in his order.
[Mon. Franciscana, i.; English Hist. Rev. vi. 747; Bodl. MSS. 692, fol. 33; Digby, 90, fol. 6 b; Cotton Faust. A. ii. f. 1, Vesp. E. vii. f. 4.]
KYNNESMAN, ARTHUR (1682–1770), schoolmaster, son of Harold Kynnesman, was born in London on Christmas day 1682. He was educated at Christ's Hospital, and admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, 30 June 1702, whence he graduated B.A. 1705, and M.A. 1709. For some time he was an usher at Westminster School, but in 1715 resigned this appointment on becoming master of the grammar school at Bury St. Edmunds. Here he worked for thirty years, and secured for the school a high reputation. Richard Cumberland (1732–1811) [q. v.] was a pupil, and has left some account of Kynnesman. On one occasion, speaking to Bentley (Cumberland's grandfather), he said that he would make Cumberland as good a scholar as his grandfather, to which Bentley replied, ‘Pshaw! Arthur, how can that be, when I have forgot more than thou ever knewst?’ Kynnesman became rector of Barnham, in 1751 he was reader of St. James's, Bury, for a few months, and in 1766 he obtained the living of Eriswell; all three places are in Suffolk. He resigned the mastership of the grammar school in 1765, and died 10 July 1770 at Bury. He married a Miss Maddocks of Troston, Suffolk; she died in 1766, and both were buried at Barnham.
A portrait of Kynnesman and his wife was
