PART II
Russian-English
GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION
CONTENTS
- Abbreviations Used in Part II…215
- §1. Sounds…215
- §2. Russian Writing…217
- §3. Alternation of Sounds…218
- §4. Alternations of Sound and Spelling…220
- §5. Inflection…221
- §6. Nouns…221
- §7. Nouns with пол-…223
- §8. Abbreviated Nouns…223
- §9. Variations of Sound and Spelling in Nouns…223
- §10. Declension of Nouns…224
- §11. Adjective Declension…225
- §12. Irregular Adjectives…226
- §13. Special Adjectives…226
- §14. Pronominal Adjectives and Pronouns…227
- §15. Possessive Adjectives…227
- §16. один, сам, весь…227
- §17. тот, этот…227
- §18. он…227
- §19. некий, сей…228
- §20. кто, что…228
- §21. Personal Pronouns…228
- §22. Numerals…228
- §23. Compounds of Question Words…229
- §24. Verbs…230
- §25. Regular Verbs…231
- §26. Irregular Verbs…232
- §27. Irregular Present…232
- §28. Irregular Infinitive and Past…232
- §29. Special Irregular Forms…233
- §30. Durative and Punctual Aspect…233
- §31. Prepositions…234
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN PART II
- 1,2,3 first, second, third person
- a accusative
- adv adverb
- AF adjective in feminine form
- AM adjective in masculine form
- AN adjective in neuter form
- AP adjective in plural form
- ap accusative plural
- as accusative singular
- cp comparative
- d dative
- dls dative and locative singular
- dp dative plural
- ds dative singular
- dur durative
- F feminine
- g genitive
- gdh genitive, dative, locative singular
- gp genitive plural
- gr grammatical
- gs genitive singular
- i instrumental
- imv imperative
- indecl indeclinable
- inf infinitive
- ip instrumental plural
- is instrumental singular
- iter iterative
- l locative
- lp locative plural
- ls locative singular
- M masculine
- N neuter
- n nominative
- np nominative plural
- ns nominative singular
- P plural
- p past
- pap past active participle
- pct punctual
- pger past gerund
- pr present
- prap present active participle
- prger present gerund
- prpp present passive participle
- ppp past passive participle
- refl reflexive
- S singular
- sh short adjective form
§1. SOUNDS
In indicating pronunciation and in explaining grammatical forms we shall use a modified English alphabet. Everything that is printed in this alphabet is inclosed in square brackets.
We can here give only a very rough description of the sounds of Russian.
Hard and Soft Consonants. Most Russian consonants occur
in two varieties: hard (or plain) and soft (or palatalized).
In producing a hard consonant the Russian speaker lowers the middle or back of his tongue and slightly thrusts out his lips. This gives the consonant a dull sound; to the English
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