mass and from it all the nuclei of the carpospores are thus derived. There thus seems to be no justification for believing, as Schmitz taught, that a second sexual act occurs in the life-cycle of these Florideae.
| Fig. 5.—Rhodophyceae, variously magnified. | |
| A. Polysiphonia sp., apical region showing leading cell and cutting | K. Nemalian sp., carpogonial and antheridial branches. |
| off of pericentral cell. | L. Batrachospermum sp., trichogyne with spermatia attached; |
| B. Polysiphonia sp., transverse section through a branch, and at | carpospores arising from fertilized carpogonium. |
| a, mother-cell of tetraspores. | M. Polysiphonia sp., antheridium. . |
| C. Lomentaria sp., apex showing growth in length through | N. Constantinea sp., with flattened leaf-like appendages. |
| coordinated growth of many filaments. | O. Dudresnaya coccinea, fusion of ooblastema filaments with auxiliary |
| D. Delesseria sp., showing apical region with leading cell. | cells; a is an axial cell in transverse section with four appendages. |
| E. Chrysymenia uvaria, axis with swollen leaf-like appendages. | P. Callithamnion corymbosum, a joint cell with carpogonial branch |
| F. Polyzonia sp., branch with leaf-like branches of limited growth. | and a, b, two auxiliary cells. |
| G. Callithamnion sp., tetrasporangium with spores arranged in a tetrad. | Q. Callithamnion corymbosum, fusion of products of fertilization with |
| H. Corallina sp., tetrasporangia with zonate arrangement of | auxiliary cells, the nuclei of which a and b retire to the wall. |
| tetraspores. | R. Polysiphonia, sp., section through young cystocarp. |
| (A, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, L, M, P, Q, from Oltmanns, by permission of Gustav Fischer; B, N, O, R, from Engler and Prantl, by permission of Wilhelm Engelmann.) | |
The Bangiales are a relatively small group of Red Algae, to which much of the description now given does not apply. Structurally they are either a plate of cells, as in Porphyra, or filaments, as in Bangia. There is no exclusive apical growth, and the cells divide in all directions. The characteristic pit is also absent. Sexual and asexual reproduction prevail. The male cell is a spermatium, but the female cell bears no such receptive trichogyne as occurs in other Rhodophyceae. After fertilization the equivalent of the oospore divides directly to form a group of carpospores. There is thus a certain resemblance to Euflorideae, but sufficient difference to necessitate their being grouped apart. Fertilization by means of non-motile spermatia and a trichogyne are known among the Fungi in the families Collemaceae and Laboulbeniaceae.
A census of Rhodophyceae is furnished below: —
- (1) Bangiaceae—4 families, 9 genera, 58 species.
- (2) Nemalioninae—4 families, 33 genera, 343 species.
- (3) Gigartininae—3 families, 54 genera, 409 species.
- (4) Rhodymeninae—4 families, 92 genera, 602 species.
- (De Toni’s Sylloge Algarum, 1897.)
After this survey of the four groups comprised under Algae it is easier to indicate the variations in the limits of the class as defined by different authorities. To consider the Cyanophyceae first, either the marked contrast in the method of nutrition of the generally colourless Bacteriaceae to that of the blue-green Cyanophyceae is regarded as sufficient ground forLimits of
the algae. excluding Bacteriaceae from algae altogether, notwithstanding their acknowledged morphological affinity with Cyanophyceae, or, in recognition of the incongruity of effecting such a separation, the whole group of the Schizophyta—that is to say, the Cyanophyceae in the narrow sense, together with Bacteriaceae, is included or excluded together. Again, while Conjugatae may be shut out from Chlorophyceae as an independent group co-ordinate with them in rank, the Characeae constitute so aberrant a group that it has even been proposed to raise them as Charophyta to the dignity of a main division co-ordinate with Thallophyta. Similarly, while Diatomaceae may be excluded from among Phaeophyceae, though retained among algae, the Cryptomonadaceae and Peridiniaceae, like Euglena and other Chlorophyceae, may be excluded from Thallophyta and ranged among the flagellate Protozoa. It is doubtful, however, whether the conventional distinction between plants and animals will continue to be urged; and the suggestion of Haeckel that a class Protista should be established to receive the forms exhibiting both animal and plant affinities has much
