pressure of locomotive boilers is about 175 ℔ to 200 ℔ per sq. in.
Fig. 9.
A good example of an express locomotive boiler is shown in fig. 10.
In this case the grate area is 30.9 sq. ft. and the heating surface 2500 sq. ft. The barrel is 5 ft. 6 in. diameter, 16 ft. long between
tube plates. The fire-box crown is stayed by vertical stays extending
to the shell crown, except for the three rows of stays nearest the tube
plates. These are supported by cross girders resting upon brackets
secured to the outer shell.
Fig. 10. —Express Locomotive Boiler, with widened fire-box (Great Northern Railway, England). 
Water-Tube Boilers.—The “Babcock & Wilcox” boiler, as fitted
for land
purposes, and illustrated in fig. 11, consists of a horizontal
cylinder forming a steam chest, having dished ends and
two specially constructed cross-boxes riveted to the
bottom. Under the cylinder is placed a sloping nest of
tubes, under the upper end of which is the fire.
Babcock
and Wilcox stationary.
The sides and back of the boiler are enclosed in brickwork up to
the height of the centre of the horizontal cylinder and the
front is fitted with an iron casing lined with brick at the lower part.
Suitable brickwork baffles are arranged between the tubes themselves,
and between the nests of tubes and the cylinder, to ensure a
proper circulation of the products of combustion, which are made to
pass between the tubes three times. The nest of tubes consists of
several separate elements, each formed by a front and back header
made of wrought steel of sinuous form connected by a number of
tubes. The upper ends of the front headers are connected by
short tubes to the front cross-box of the horizontal cylinder, the
lower ends being closed. The upper ends of the back headers are
connected by longer pipes to the back cross-box, and their lower
ends by short pipes to a horizontal mud drum to which a blow-off
cock and pipe are attached. The headers are furnished with holes
on two opposite sides; those on one side form the means of connexion
between the headers and tubes, and the others allow access
for fixing the tubes in position and cleaning The outer holes are
oval, and closed by special fittings shown in fig. 18, the water tightness
of the joints being secured by the outer cover plates. The holes
being oval, the inside fitting can be placed in position from outside,
and it is so made as to cover the opening and prevent any great
outrush of steam or water should the bolt break. Any desired
working pressure can be provided for in these boilers; in some
special cases it rises as high as 500 ℔ per sq. in., but a more
usual pressure is 180 ℔. Like all water-tube boilers, they require to
be frequently cleaned if impure feed-water is used, but the straightness
of their tubes enables their condition to be ascertained at any
time when the boiler is out of use, and any accumulation of scale to
be removed. The super heaters, which are frequently fitted, consist
of two cross-boxes or headers placed transversely under the cylindrical
drum and connected by numerous ⊂ shaped tubes. They
are situated between the tubes and the steam-chest, and are exposed
to the heat of the furnace gases after their first passage across the
tubes. The steam is taken by an internal pipe passing through the
bottom of the drum into the upper cross box, then through the ⊂
tubes into the lower box, and thence to the steam pipe. When steam
is being raised, the super heater is flooded with water, which is drained
out through a blow-off pipe before communication is opened with
the steam-pipe. In large boilers of this type, two steam-chests are
placed side by side connected together by two cross steam pipes and
by the mud drum. Each, however, has its own separate feed supply.
The largest boiler made has two steam chests 412 ft. diameter by
2512 ft. long a grate surface of 85 sq. ft., and a total heating surface of 6182 sq. ft.
Another type of water-tube boiler in use for stationary purposes is the "Stirling" (fig. 12). This boiler consists of four or five steam-space, and the one or two lower contain water. The lower drums, where two are fitted, are connected to each other horizontal drums, of which the three upper form the at about the middle of their height by horizontal tubes, and to theStirling. upper drums by numerous nearly vertical tubes which form the major portion of the heating surfaces. The central upper drum is at a slightly higher level than the others, and communicates with that nearest the back of the boiler by a set of curved tubes entirely above the water-level, and with the front drum by two sets—the upper one being above and the lower below the water-level. The whole boiler is enclosed in brickwork, into which the supporting columns and girders are built. Brickwork baffles compel the furnace gases to take specified courses among the tubes It will be seen that the space between the boiler front and the tubes form a large combustion chamber into which all the furnace gases must pass before the enter the spaces between the tubes; in this chamber a baffle-bridge is sometimes built. Another chamber is formed between the first and second sets of tubes. The feed-water enters the back upper drum, and must pass down the third set of tubes into the lower drum before it reaches the other parts of the boiler. Thus the coldest water is always where the temperature of the furnace gases is lowest; and as the current through the lower drum is slight, the solid matters separated from the feed-water while its temperature is being raised have an opportunity of settling to the bottom of this drum, where the heating is not great and where therefore their presence will not be injurious. When superheaters are required, they are made of two drums connected by numerous small tubes, and are somewhat similar in construction to the boiler proper. The superheater is placed between the first and second sets of tubes, where it is exposed to the furnace gases before too much heat has been taken from them. Arrangements are provided for flooding the superheater while steam is being raised, and for draining it before the steam is passed through it.
