Polish adventure of Charles X. was strenuously opposed by Bonde, though when once it was decided upon he materially assisted the king to find the means for carrying it on. He was also in favour of strict economy coupled with the recovery of the royal domains which had fallen into the hands of the nobles, though his natural partiality for his fellow-peers came out clearly enough when in 1655 he was appointed a member of Charles X.’s land-recovery commission. In 1659 he succeeded Herman Fleming as lord high treasurer, and was one of the council of regency appointed to govern Sweden during the minority of Charles XI. In 1661 he presented to the senate a plan which aimed at rendering Sweden altogether independent of foreign subsidies, by a policy of peace, economy and trade-development, and by further recovery of alienated estates. His budget in the following year, framed on the same principles, subsequently served as an invaluable guide to Charles XI. Bonde’s extraordinary tenacity of purpose enabled him for some years to carry out his programme, despite the opposition of the majority of the senate and his co-regents, who preferred the more adventurous methods of the chancellor Magnus de la Gardie, ultimately so ruinous to Sweden. But the ambition of the oligarchs, and the fear and jealousy of innumerable monopolists who rose in arms against his policy of economy, proved at last too strong for Bonde, while the costly and useless expedition against Bremen in 1665, undertaken contrary to his advice, completed the ruin of the finances. In his later years Bonde’s powers of resistance were weakened by sickness and mortification at the triumph of reckless extravagance, and he practically retired from the government some time before his death.
See Martin Veibull, Sveriges Storhetstid (Stockholm, 1881).
BONDED WAREHOUSE, a warehouse established by the
state, or by private enterprise, in which goods liable to duty
are lodged until the duty upon them has been paid. Previous
to the establishment of bonded warehouses in England the payment
of duties on imported goods had to be made at the time
of importation, or a bond with security for future payment
given to the revenue authorities. The inconveniences of this
system were many; it was not always possible for the importer
to find sureties, and he had often to make an immediate sale of
the goods, in order to raise the duty, frequently selling when
the market was depressed and prices low; the duty, having to
be paid in a lump sum, raised the price of the goods by the
amount of the interest on the capital required to pay the duty;
competition was stifled from the fact that large capital was
required for the importation of the more heavily taxed articles;
there was also the difficulty of granting an exact equivalent
drawback to the exporter, on goods which had already paid
duty. To obviate these difficulties and to put a check upon
frauds on the revenue, Sir Robert Walpole proposed in his
“excise scheme” of 1733, the system of warehousing, so far as
concerned tobacco and wine. The proposal, however, was very
unpopular, and it was not till 1803 that the system was actually
adopted. By an act of that year imported goods were to be
placed in warehouses approved by the customs authorities, and
importers were to give “bonds” for payment of duties when
the goods were removed. It was from this that the warehouses
received the name of “bonded” or “bonding.” The Customs
Consolidation Act 1853 dispensed with the giving of bonds, and
laid down various provisions for securing the payment of customs
duties on goods warehoused. These provisions are contained in
the Customs Consolidation Act 1876, and the amending statutes,
the Customs and Inland Revenue Act 1880, and the Revenue
Act 1883. The warehouses are known as “king’s warehouses,”
and by s. 284 of the act of 1876 are defined as “any place provided
by the crown or approved by the commissioners of
customs, for the deposit of goods for security thereof, and the
duties due thereon.” By s. 12 of the same act the treasury may
appoint warehousing ports or places, and the commissioners
of customs may from time to time approve and appoint warehouses
in such ports or places where goods may be warehoused
or kept, and fix the amount of rent payable in respect of the
goods. The proprietor or occupier of every warehouse so approved
(except existing warehouses of special security in respect
of which security by bond has hitherto been dispensed with),
or some one on his behalf, must, before any goods be warehoused
therein, give security by bond, or such other security as the
commissioners may approve of, for the payment of the full
duties chargeable on any goods warehoused therein, or for the
due exportation thereof (s. 13). All goods deposited in a
warehouse, without payment of duty on the first importation, upon
being entered for home consumption, are chargeable with
existing duties on like goods under any customs acts in force
at the time of passing such entry (s. 19). The act also prescribes
various rules for the unshipping, landing, examination,
warehousing and custody of goods, and the penalties on breach.
The system of warehousing has proved of great advantage both
to importers and purchasers, as the payment of duty is deferred
until the goods are required, while the title-deeds, or warrants,
are transferable by endorsement.
While the goods are in the warehouse (“in bond”) the owner may subject them to various processes necessary to fit them for the market, such as the repacking and mixing of tea, the racking, vatting, mixing and bottling of wines and spirits, the roasting of coffee, the manufacture of certain kinds of tobacco, &c., and certain specific allowances are made in respect of waste arising from such processes or from leakage, evaporation and the like.
BONDU, a French protectorate in West Africa, dependent on
the colony of Senegal. Bondu lies between the Faleme river
and the upper course of the Gambia, that is between 13° and
15° N., and 12° and 13° W. The country is an elevated plateau,
with hills in the southern and central parts. These are generally
unproductive, and covered with stunted wood; but the lower
country is fertile, and finely clothed with the baobab, the
tamarind and various valuable fruit-trees. Bondu is traversed
by torrents, which flow rapidly during the rains but are empty
in the dry season, such streams being known in this part of West
Africa as marigots. The inhabitants are mostly Fula, though
the trade is largely in the hands of Mandingos. The religion and
laws of the country are Mahommedan, though the precepts of
that faith are not very rigorously observed. Mungo Park, the
first European traveller to visit the country, passed through
Bondu in 1795, and had to submit to many exactions from the
reigning prince. The royal residence was then at Fatteconda;
but when Major W. Gray, a British officer who attempted to
solve the Niger problem, visited Bondu in 1818 it had been
removed to Bulibani, a small town, with about 3000 population,
surrounded by a strong clay wall. In August 1845 the king of
Bondu signed a treaty recognizing French sovereignty over his
country. The treaty was disregarded by the natives, but in
1858 Bondu came definitely under French control. The country
has since enjoyed considerable prosperity (see Senegal).
See A. Rançon, Le Bondou: étude de géographie et d’histoire soudaniennes de 1681 à nos jours (Bordeaux, 1894).
BONE, HENRY (1755–1834), English enamel painter, was born
at Truro. He was much employed by London jewellers for small
designs in enamel, before his merits as an artist were well known
to the public. In 1800 the beauty of his pieces attracted the
notice of the Royal Academy, of which he was then admitted
as an associate; in 1811 he was made an academician. Up to
1831 he executed many beautiful miniature pieces of much
larger size than had been attempted before in England; among
these his eighty-five portraits of the time of Queen Elizabeth,
of different sizes, from 5 by 4 to 13 by 8 in. are most admired.
They were disposed of by public sale after his death. His
Bacchus and Ariadne, after Titian, painted on a plate, brought
the great price of 2200 guineas.
BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages,
in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the
German Bein), the hard tissue constituting the framework of
the animal skeleton. For anatomy see Skeleton and Connective Tissues.
Bone Diseases and Injuries.—The more specific diseases affecting the bones of the human body are treated under separate
