his native city he went to Bologna, where he perfected himself in the anatomy of the human form under Prospero Fontana, and so completely lost the mannerism of Flemish art that his paintings appear to be the work of an Italian. From Bologna he went to Rome, where he assisted Lorenzo Sabbatini (1533–1577) in his works for the papal palace, and devoted much of his time to copying and studying the works of Raphael. He ultimately returned to Bologna and founded a school, of which the greatest ornaments are Guido and Domenichino. His works are especially admired for the power of grouping and colouring which they display.
CALVARY, the conventional English rendering of the calvaria
of the Vulgate, the Latin version of the Greek κράνιον, both
meaning “skull” and representing the Hebrew Golgotha, the
name given to the scene of Christ’s crucifixion. The term “a
Calvary” is applied to a sculptured representation of the
Crucifixion, either inside a church, or adjoining one in the open
air. There are many examples of the latter in France, Italy
and Spain. Among the most important are the Sacro Monte
(1486) at Varallo in Piedmont, and those at Guimiliau (1581),
Plougastel (1602), St Thegonnec (1610), and Pleyben near
Quimper (1670), in Brittany, all in good preservation.
CALVÉ, EMMA (1864– ), Spanish operatic soprano, was
born at Madrid, and trained in Paris, making her first important
appearance in opera at Brussels in 1882. She sang mainly in
Paris for some years, but in 1892 was first engaged at Covent
Garden, London, and at once became famous as the most vivid
Carmen (in Bizet’s opera) of the day.
CALVERLEY, CHARLES STUART (1831–1884), English poet
and wit, and the literary father of what may be called the
university school of humour, was born at Martley in Worcestershire
on the 22nd of December 1831. His father, the Rev. Henry
Blayds, resumed in 1852 the old family name of Calverley, which
his grandfather had exchanged for Blayds in 1807. It was as
Charles Stuart Blayds that most of the son’s university distinctions
were attained. He went up to Balliol from Harrow in 1850,
and was soon known in Oxford as the most daring and most
high-spirited undergraduate of his time. He was a universal
favourite, a delightful companion, a brilliant scholar and the
playful enemy of all “dons.” In 1851 he won the Chancellor’s
prize for Latin verse, and it is said that the entire exercise was
written in an afternoon, when his friends had locked him into his
rooms, declining to let him out till he had finished what they were
confident would prove the prize poem. A year later he took his
name off the books, to avoid the consequences of a college
escapade, and migrated to Christ’s College, Cambridge. Here he
was again successful in Latin verse, and remains the unique
example of an undergraduate who has won the Chancellor’s prize
at both universities. In 1856 he took second place in the first
class in the Classical Tripos. He was elected fellow of Christ’s
(1858), published Verses and Translations in 1862, and was called
to the bar in 1865. Owing to an accident while skating he was
prevented from following up a professional career, and during
the last years of his life he was an invalid. His Translations into English and Latin appeared in 1866; his Theocritus translated into English Verse in 1869; Fly Leaves in 1872; and Literary Remains
in 1885. He died on the 17th of February 1884. Calverley was
one of the most brilliant men of his day; and, had he enjoyed
health, might have achieved distinction in any career he chose.
Constitutionally indolent, he was endowed with singular gifts in
every department of culture; he was a scholar, a musician, an
athlete and a brilliant talker. What is left us marks only a small
portion of his talent, but his sparkling, dancing verses, which have
had many clever imitators, are still without a rival in their own
line. His humour was illumined by good nature; his satire was
keen but kind; his laughter was of that human sort which is often
on the verge of tears. Imbued with the classical spirit, he introduced into the making of light verse the polish and elegance of the
great masters, and even in its most whimsical mood his verse is
raised to the level of poetry by the saving excellence of style.
His Complete Works, with a biographical notice by Sir W. J. Sendall, appeared in 1901. (A. Wa.)
CALVERT, the name of three English artists: Charles (1785–1852), a well-known landscape-painter; Edward (1803–1883),
an important wood-engraver and follower of Blake; and
Frederick, an excellent topographical draughtsman, whose
work in water-colour is represented at the Victoria and Albert
Museum, and who published a volume of Picturesque Views in
Staffordshire and Shropshire (1830).
CALVERT, FREDERICK CRACE (1819–1873), English chemist,
was born in London on the 14th of November 1819. From about
1836 till 1846 he lived in France, where, after a course of study at Paris, he became manager of some chemical works, later acting as assistant to M. E. Chevreul. On his return to England he settled in Manchester as a consulting chemist, and was appointed
professor of chemistry at the Royal Institution in that city.
Devoting himself almost entirely to industrial chemistry, he
gave much attention to the manufacture of coal-tar products,
and particularly carbolic acid, for the production of which he
established large works in Manchester in 1865. Besides contributing extensively to the English and French scientific
journals, he published a work on Dyeing and Calico-Printing.
He died in Manchester on the 24th of October 1873.
CALVERT, SIR HARRY, Bart. (c. 1763–1826), British general,
was probably born early in 1763 at Hampton, near London. He
was educated at Harrow, and at the age of fifteen entered the
army. In the following year he served with his regiment in
America, being present at the siege of Charleston, and serving
through the campaign of Lord Cornwallis which ended with the
surrender of Yorktown. From 1781 to 1783 he was a prisoner of
war. Returning to England in 1784, he next saw active service
in 1793–1794 in the Low Countries, where he was aide-de-camp to
the duke of York, and in 1795 was engaged on a confidential
mission to Brunswick and Berlin. In 1799, having already served
as deputy adjutant general, he was made adjutant general,
holding the post till 1818. In this capacity he effected many
improvements in the organization and discipline of the service.
He greatly improved the administration of the army medical and
hospital department, introduced regimental schools, developed
the two existing military colleges (since united at Sandhurst), and
was largely responsible for the founding of the Duke of York’s
school, Chelsea. In recognition of his work as adjutant general
he was made a G.C.B. (1815), and, on retiring from office, received
a baronetcy (1818). In 1820 he was made governor of Chelsea
hospital. He died on the 3rd of September 1826, at Middle
Claydon, Buckinghamshire.
CALVES’ HEAD CLUB, a club established shortly after his
death in derision of the memory of Charles I. Its chief meeting
was held on the 30th of each January, the anniversary of the
king’s execution, when the dishes served were a cod’s head to
represent the individual, Charles Stuart; a pike representing
tyranny; a boar’s head representing the king preying on his
subjects; and calves’ heads representing Charles as king and his
adherents. On the table an axe held the place of honour. After
the banquet a copy of the king’s Ikon Basilike was burnt, and
the toast was “To those worthy patriots who killed the tyrant.”
After the Restoration the club met secretly. The first mention
of it is in a tract reprinted in the Harleian Miscellany entitled
“The Secret History of the Calves’ Head Club.” The club
survived till 1734, when the diners were mobbed owing to the
popular ill-feeling which their outrages on good taste provoked,
and the riot which ensued put a final stop to the meetings.
CALVI, a sea-port in Corsica, capital of an arrondissement in the N.W. of the island, 112 m. N. of Ajaccio by road. Pop. (1906) 1967. It is situated on the Bay of Calvi, in a malarial region, and is the port in Corsica nearest to France, being 109 m. from Antibes; the harbour, however, is exposed to the east and north-east winds. The modern town lies at the foot of a rock, on which stands the old town with its steep rock-paved streets and fortified walls, commanded by the Fort Muzello. Fishing is carried on, and timber, oil, wine, lemons and other sub-tropical fruits are exported to some extent. The most important buildings are the old palace of the Genoese governor, used as barracks, and the church (16th century), with the monument of the Baglioni
