three divisions converged on Niu-chwang port (Ying-kow), and the
final engagement took place at Tien-chwang-tai, which was captured
on the 9th of March. The Chinese forces in Manchuria being
thoroughly broken and dispersed, there was nothing to prevent
the Japanese from proceeding to the occupation of Peking, since
they could, after the break-up of the ice, land and supply large
forces at Shan-hai-kwan, within 170 m. of the capital. Two more
Japanese divisions were sent out, with Prince Komatsu as supreme
commander. Seven divisions were at Port Arthur ready to embark,
when negotiations were reopened. Li Hung-Chang proceeded to
Shimonoseki, where the treaty was signed on the 17th of April 1895.
An expedition was sent towards the end of March to the Pescadores,
and later the Imperial Guard division was sent to Formosa.
It is impossible to estimate the Chinese losses in the war. The Japanese lost 4177 men by death in action or by sickness, and 56,862 were wounded or disabled by sickness, exclusive of the losses in the Formosa and Pescadores expeditions. Nearly two-thirds of these losses were incurred by the 1st army in the trying winter campaign in Manchuria.
The most important works dealing with the war are: Vladimir, China-Japan War (London, 1896); Jukichi Inouye, The Japan-China War (Yokohama, &c., 1896); du Boulay, Epitome of the China-Japanese War (London, 1896), the official publication of the British War Office; Atteridge, Wars of the Nineties, pp. 535-636 (London, 1899); von Kunowski and Fretzdorff, Der japanisch-chinesische Krieg (Leipzig, 1895); von Müller, Der Krieg zwischen China und Japan (Berlin, 1895); Bujac, Précis de quelques campagnes contemporaines: II. La Guerre sino-japonaise (Paris and Limoges).
CHINON, a town of western France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Indre-et-Loire, on the right bank of the Vienne, 32m. S.W. of Tours on the State railway. Pop. (1906) 4071. Chinon lies at the foot of the rocky eminence which is crowned by the ruins of the famous castle. Its narrow, winding streets contain many houses of the 15th and 16th centuries. The oldest of its churches, St Mexme, is in the Romanesque style, but only the façade and nave are left. The church of St Etienne dates from the 15th century, that of St Maurice from the 12th, 15th and 16th centuries. The castle, which has undergone considerable modern restoration, consists of three portions. That to the east, the Château de St Georges, built by Henry II. of England, has almost vanished, only the foundation of the outer wall remaining. The Château du Milieu (11th to 15th centuries) comprises the keep, the Pavilion de l’Horloge and the Grand Logis, in the principal apartment of which the first meeting between Joan of Arc and Charles VII. took place. Of the Château du Coudray, which is separated by a moat from the Château du Milieu, the chief remains are the Tour du Moulin (10th century) and two less ancient towers. A statue of Rabelais, who was born in the vicinity of the town, stands on the river-quay. Chinon has trade in wheat, brandy, red wine and plums. Basket and rope manufacture, tanning and cooperage are among its industries. Chinon (Caïno) existed before the Roman occupation of Gaul, and was from early times an important fortress. It was occupied by the Visigoths, and subsequently, after forming part of the royal domain, came to the counts of Touraine and from them to the counts of Anjou. Henry II. often resided in the castle, and died there. The place was taken by Philip Augustus in 1205 after a year’s siege.
CHINOOK, a tribe of North American Indians, dwelling at the
mouth of the Columbia river, Washington. They were fishermen
and traders, and used huge canoes of hollowed cedar trunks.
The tribe is practically extinct, but the name survives in the trade
language known as “Chinook jargon.” This has been analysed
as composed of two-fifths Chinook, two-fifths other Indian
tongues, and the rest English and Canadian French; but the
proportion of English has tended to increase. The Chinookan
linguistic family includes a number of separate tribes.
The name Chinook is also applied to a wind which blows from W. or N. over the slopes of the Rocky Mountains, where it descends as a dry wind warm in winter and cool in summer (cf. Föhn). It is due to a cyclone passing northward, and continues from a few hours to several days. It moderates the climate of the eastern Rockies, the snow melting quickly on account of its warmth and vanishing on account of its dryness, so that it is said to “lick up” the snow from the slopes.
See Gill, Dictionary of Chinook Jargon (Portland, Ore., 1891); Boas, “Chinook Texts,” in Smithsonian Report, Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, 1894); J. C. Pilling, “Bibliography of Chinookan Languages,” Smithsonian Report, Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, 1893); Horatio Hale, Manual of Oregon Trade Language (London, 1890); G. C. Shaw, The Chinook Jargon (Seattle, 1909); Handbook of American Indians (Washington, 1907).
CHINSURA, a town of British India, on the Hugli river, 24 m.
above Calcutta, formerly the principal Dutch settlement in
Bengal. The Dutch erected a factory here in 1656, on a healthy
spot of ground, much preferable to that on which Calcutta is
situated. In 1759 a British force under Colonel Forde was
attacked by the garrison of Chinsura on its march to Chandernagore,
but in less than half an hour the Dutch were entirely
routed. In 1795, during the Napoleonic wars, the settlement was
occupied by a British garrison. At the peace of 1814 it was
restored to the Dutch. It was among the cessions in India
made by the king of the Netherlands in 1825 in exchange for
the British possessions in Sumatra. Hugli College is maintained
by government; and there are a number of schools, several of
which are carried on by Scottish Presbyterian missionaries.
Chinsura is included in the Hugli municipality.
CHINTZ, a word derived from the Hindu chīnt, spotted or
variegated. This name was given to a kind of stained or painted
calico produced in India. It is now applied to a highly glazed
printed calico, commonly made in several colours on a light
ground and used for bed hangings, covering furniture, &c.
CHIOGGIA, a town and episcopal see of Venetia, Italy, in the
province of Venice, from which it is 1812 m. S. by sea. Pop.
(1901) 21,384 (town), 31,218 (commune). It is inhabited mostly
by fishermen, and is situated upon an island at the S. end of the
lagoons. It is traversed by one main canal, La Vena. The
peculiar dialect and customs of the inhabitants still survive to
some extent. It is of earlier origin than Venice, and indeed is
probably identical with the Roman Portus Aedro, or Ebro,
though its name is derived from the Roman Fossa Claudia,
a canalized estuary which with the two mouths of the Meduacus
(Brenta) went to form the harbour. In 672 it entered the
league of the cities of the lagoons, and recognized the authority
of the doge. In 809 it was almost destroyed by Pippin, but
in 1110 was made a city, remaining subject to Venice, whose
fortunes it thenceforth followed. It was captured after a determined
resistance by the Genoese in 1379, but recovered in 1380. Chioggia
is connected by rail with Rovigo, 35 m. to the south-west.
(T. As.)
Naval War of Chioggia (1378–80).—The naval war of 1378–1380, carried on by Venice against the Genoese and their allies, the lord of Carrara and the king of Hungary, is of exceptional interest as one in which a superior naval power, having suffered disaster in its home waters, and having been invaded, was yet able to win in the end by holding out till its squadrons in distant seas could be recalled for its defence.
When the war began in the spring of 1378, Venice was mainly concerned for the safety of its trading stations in the Levant and the Black Sea, which were exposed to the attacks of the Genoese. The more powerful of the two fleets which it sent out was despatched into the eastern Mediterranean under Carlo Zeno, the bailiff and captain of Negropont. A smaller force was sent to operate against the Genoese in the western Mediterranean, and was placed under the command of Vettor Pisani. The possessions of Venice on the mainland, which were then small, were assailed by Francesco Carrara and the Hungarians. Her only ally in the war, Bernabó Visconti of Milan, gave her little help on this side, but his mercenaries invaded the territory of Genoa. The danger on land seemed trifling to Venice so long as she could keep the sea open to her trade and press the war against the Genoese in the Levant.
During the first stage of the war the plans of the senate were carried out with general success. While Carlo Zeno harassed the Genoese stations in the Levant, Vettor Pisani brought one of their squadrons to action on the 30th of May 1378 off Punta di Anzio to the south of the Tiber, and defeated it. The battle was fought in a gale by 10 Venetian against 11 Genoese galleys. The Genoese admiral, Luigi de’ Fieschi, was taken with 5 of his galleys, and others were wrecked. Four of the squadron escaped, and steered for Famagusta in Cyprus, then held by Genoa. If Pisani had directed his course to Genoa itself, which was thrown into a panic by the defeat at Anzio, it is possible that he might have dictated peace, but he thought his squadron too weak, and preferred to follow the Genoese galleys which had fled to Famagusta. During the summer of 1378 he was employed partly in attacking the enemy in Cyprus,
