was his consummate knowledge of palaeography, but he was no less distinguished for his rare acumen and wide knowledge of classical literature. He has been blamed for rashness in the emendation of difficult passages, and for neglecting the comments of other scholars. He had little sympathy for the German critics, and maintained that the best combination was English good sense with French taste. He always expressed his obligation to the English, saying that his masters were three Richards—Bentley, Porson and Dawes.
See an appreciative obituary notice by W. G. Rutherford in the Classical Review, Dec. 1889; Hartman in Bursian’s Biographisches Jahrbuch, 1890; Sandys, Hist. Class. Schol. (1908), iii. 282.
COBHAM, a village in the Medway parliamentary division
of Kent, England, 4 m. W. of Rochester. The church (Early
English and later, and restored by Sir G. G. Scott) is famous for
its collection of ancient brasses, of which thirteen belonging to
the years 1320–1529 commemorate members of the Brooke and
Cobham families. There are some fine oak stalls and some
tilting armour of the 14th century in the chancel. Cobham
college, containing 20 almshouses, took the place, after the dissolution,
of a college for priests founded by Sir John de Cobham
in the 14th century. The present mansion of Cobham Hall is
mainly Elizabethan. The picture gallery contains a fine collection
of works by the great masters, Italian, Dutch and English.
The Cobham family was established here before the reign of King John. In 1313 Henry de Cobham was created Baron Cobham, but on the execution of Sir John Oldcastle (who had been summoned to parliament, jure uxoris, as Baron Cobham) in 1417, the barony lay dormant till revived in 1445 by Edward, son of Sir Thomas Brooke and Joan, grand-daughter of the 3rd Baron Cobham. In 1603 Henry Brooke, Lord Cobham, was arraigned for participation in the Raleigh conspiracy, and spent the remainder of his life in prison, where he died in 1618. With him the title expired, and Cobham Hall was granted to Lodowick Stewart, duke of Lennox, passing subsequently by descent and marriage to the earls of Darnley. The present Viscount Cobham (cr. 1718) belongs to the Lyttelton family (see Lyttelton, 1st Baron).
COBIJA, or Puerto La Mar (the official title given to it by
the Bolivian government), a port and town of the Chilean
province of Antofagasta, about 800 m. N. of Valparaiso. It is
the oldest port on this part of the coast, and was for a time the
principal outlet for a large mining district. It was formerly
capital of the Bolivian department of Atacama and the only
port possessed by Bolivia, but the seizure of that department in
1879 by Chile and the construction of the Antofagasta and
Oruro railway deprived it of all importance, and its population,
estimated at 6000 in 1858, has fallen to less than 500. Its
harbour is comparatively safe but lacks landing facilities. Smelting
for neighbouring mines is still carried on, and some of its
former trade remains, but the greater part of it has gone to
Tocopilla and Antofagasta. The town occupies a narrow beach
between the sea and bluffs, and was greatly damaged by an
earthquake and tidal wave in 1877.
COBLE (probably of Celtic origin, and connected with the root ceu or cau, hollow; cf. Welsh ceubol, a ferry-boat), a flat-bottomed fishing-boat, with deep-lying rudder and lug-sail, used off the north-east coast of England.
COBLENZ (Koblenz), a city and fortress of Germany, capital
of the Prussian Rhine Province, 57 m. S.E. from Cologne by
rail, pleasantly situated on the left bank of the Rhine at its
confluence with the Mosel, from which circumstance it derived
its ancient name Confluentes, of which Coblenz is a corruption.
Pop. (1885) 31,669; (1905) 53,902. Its defensive works are
extensive, and consist of strong modern forts crowning the hills
encircling the town on the west, and of the citadel of Ehrenbreitstein
(q.v.) on the opposite bank of the Rhine. The old city was
triangular in shape, two sides being bounded by the Rhine and
Mosel and the third by a line of fortifications. The last were
razed in 1890, and the town was permitted to expand in this
direction. Immediately outside the former walls lies the new
central railway station, in which is effected a junction of the
Cologne-Mainz railway with the strategical line Metz-Berlin.
The Rhine is crossed by a bridge of boats 485 yds. long, by an
iron bridge built for railway purposes in 1864, and, a mile above
the town, by a beautiful bridge of two wide and lofty spans
carrying the Berlin railway referred to. The Mosel is spanned
by a Gothic freestone bridge of 14 arches, erected in 1344, and
also by a railway bridge.
The city, down to 1890, consisted of the Altstadt (old city) and the Neustadt (new city) or Klemenstadt. Of these, the Altstadt is closely built and has only a few fine streets and squares, while the Neustadt possesses numerous broad streets and a handsome frontage to the Rhine. In the more ancient part of Coblenz are several buildings which have an historical interest. Prominent among these, near the point of confluence of the rivers, is the church of St Castor, with four towers. The church was originally founded in 836 by Louis the Pious, but the present Romanesque building was completed in 1208, the Gothic vaulted roof dating from 1498. In front of the church of St Castor stands a fountain, erected by the French in 1812, with an inscription to commemorate Napoleon’s invasion of Russia. Not long after, the Russian troops occupied Coblenz; and St Priest, their commander, added in irony these words—“Vu et approuvé par nous, Commandant Russe de la Vitte de Coblence: Janvier 1er, 1814.” In this quarter of the town, too, is the Liebfrauenkirche, a fine church (nave 1250, choir 1404–1431) with lofty late Romanesque towers; the castle of the electors of Trier, erected in 1280, which now contains the municipal picture gallery; and the family house of the Metternichs, where Prince Metternich, the Austrian statesman, was born in 1773. In the modern part of the town lies the palace (Residenzschloss), with one front looking towards the Rhine, the other into the Neustadt. It was built in 1778–1786 by Clement Wenceslaus the last elector of Trier, and contains among other curiosities some fine Gobelin tapestries. From it some pretty gardens and promenades (Kaiserin Augusta Anlagen) stretch along the bank of the Rhine, and in them is a memorial to the poet Max von Schenkendorf. A fine statue to the empress Augusta, whose favourite residence was Coblenz, stands in the Luisen-platz. But of all public memorials the most striking is the colossal equestrian statue of the emperor William I., erected by the Rhine provinces in 1897, standing on a lofty and massive pedestal, at the point where the Rhine and Mosel meet. Coblenz has also handsome law courts, government buildings, a theatre, a museum of antiquities, a conservatory of music, two high grade schools, a hospital and numerous charitable institutions. Coblenz is a principal seat of the Mosel and Rhenish wine trade, and also does a large business in the export of mineral waters. Its manufactures include pianos, paper, cardboard, machinery, boats and barges. It is an important transit centre for the Rhine railways and for the Rhine navigation.
Coblenz (Confluentes, Covelenz, Cobelenz) was one of the military posts established by Drusus about 9 B.C. Later it was frequently the residence of the Frankish kings, and in 860 and 922 was the scene of ecclesiastical synods. At the former of these, held in the Liebfrauenkirche, took place the reconciliation of Louis the German with his half-brother Charles the Bald. In 1018 the city, after receiving a charter, was given by the emperor Henry II. to the archbishop of Trier (Treves), and it remained in the possession of the archbishop-electors till the close of the 18th century. In 1249–1254 it was surrounded with new walls by Archbishop Arnold II. (of Isenburg); and it was partly to overawe the turbulent townsmen that successive archbishops built and strengthened the fortress of Ehrenbreitstein (q.v.) that dominates the city. As a member of the league of the Rhenish cities which took its rise in the 13th century, Coblenz attained to great prosperity; and it continued to advance till the disasters of the Thirty Years’ War occasioned a rapid decline. After Philip Christopher, elector of Trier, had surrendered Ehrenbreitstein to the French the town received an imperial garrison (1632), which was soon, however, expelled by the Swedes. They in their turn handed the city over to the French, but the imperial forces succeeded in retaking it by
