Columbus (London, Hakluyt Society, 1847); Fernandez Duro,
Colon y Pinzon (Madrid, 1883); Henry Harrisse, Christophe Colomb
(Paris, 1884), and Christophe Colomb devant l’histoire (Paris, 1892);
Justin Winsor, Christopher Columbus (Cambridge, Mass., 1891);
Josè Maria Asensio, Cristoval Colon (Barcelona, 1892); Clements R. Markham, Life of Christopher Columbus (London, 1892); John
Fiske, Discovery of America (Boston and New York, 1892); E. J.
Payne, History of the New World called America, vol. i. (Oxford,
1892); Paul Gaffarel, Histoire de la découverte de l’Amérique (Paris,
1892); Charles I. Elton, Career of Columbus (London, 1892);
Raccolta Colombiana (1892, &c.); Sophus Ruge, Columbus (Berlin,
1902); John Boyd Thatcher, Christopher Columbus (New York,
1903–1904); Henry Vignaud, La Lettre et la carte de Toscanelli
(Paris, 1901), and Études critiques sur la vie de Colomb avant ses découvertes (Paris, 1905); Filson Young, Christopher Columbus and the New World of his discovery (London, 1906). (C. R. B.)
COLUMBUS, a city and the county-seat of Muscogee county, Georgia, U.S.A., on the E. bank and at the head of navigation of the Chattahoochee river, about 100 m. S.S.W. of Atlanta. Pop. (1890) 17,303; (1900) 17,614, of whom 7267 were negroes; (1910, census) 20,554. There is also a considerable suburban population. Columbus is served by the Southern, the Central of Georgia, and the Seaboard Air Line railways, and three steamboat lines afford communication with Apalachicola, Florida. The city has a public library. A fall in the river of 115 ft. within a mile of the city furnishes a valuable water-power, which has been utilized for public and private enterprises. The most important industry is the manufacture of cotton goods; there are also cotton compresses, iron works, flour and woollen mills, wood-working establishments, &c. The value of the city’s factory products increased from $5,061,485 in 1900 to $7,079,702 in 1905, or 39.9%; of the total value in 1905, $2,759,081, or 39%, was the value of the cotton goods manufactured. There are many large factories just outside the city limits. Columbus was one of the first cities in the United States to maintain, at public expense, a system of trade schools. It has a large wholesale and retail trade. The city was founded in 1827 and was incorporated in 1828. In the latter year Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar (1798–1859) established here the Columbus Independent, a State’s-Rights newspaper. For the first twenty years the city’s leading industry was trade in cotton. As this trade was diverted by the railways to Savannah, the water-power was developed and manufactories were established. During the Civil War the city ranked next to Richmond in the manufacture of supplies for the Confederate army. On the 16th of April 1865 it was captured by a Union force under General James Harrison Wilson (b. 1837); 1200 Confederates were taken prisoners; large quantities of arms and stores were seized, and the principal manufactories and much other property were destroyed.
COLUMBUS, a city and the county-seat of Bartholomew
county, Indiana, U.S.A., situated on the E. fork of White river,
a little S. of the centre of the state. Pop. (1890) 6719; (1900)
8130, of whom 313 were foreign-born and 224 were of negro
descent (1910 census) 8813. In 1900 the centre of population
of the United States was 5 m. S.E. of Columbus. The
city is served by the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis,
and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis railways,
and is connected with Indianapolis and with Louisville, Ky.,
by an electric interurban line. Columbus is situated in a
fine farming region, and has extensive tanneries, threshing-machine
and traction and automobile engine works, structural
iron works, tool and machine shops, canneries and furniture
factories. In 1905 the value of the city’s factory product was
$2,983,160, being 28.4% more than in 1900. The water-supply
system and electric-lighting plant are owned and operated by
the city.
COLUMBUS, a city and the county-seat of Lowndes county,
Mississippi, U.S.A., on the E. bank of the Tombigbee river, at
the head of steam navigation, 150. m. S.E. of Memphis, Tennessee.
Pop. (1890) 4559; (1900) 6484 (3366 negroes); (1910) 8988.
It is served by the Mobile & Ohio and the Southern railways,
and by passenger and freight steamboat lines. It has cotton
and knitting mills, cotton-seed oil factories, machine shops, and
wagon, stove, plough and fertilizer factories; and is a market
and jobbing centre for a fertile agricultural region. It has a
public library, and is the seat of the Mississippi Industrial
Institute and College (1885) for women, the first state college for
women—the successor of the Columbus Female Institute (1848)—of
Franklin Academy (1821), and of the Union Academy (1873)
for negroes. The site was first settled about 1818; the city was
incorporated in 1821, and in 1830 it became the county-seat
of the newly formed Lowndes county. During the Civil War
the legislature met here in 1863 and 1865, and in the former
year Governor Charles Clark (1810–1877) was inaugurated
here.
COLUMBUS, a city, a port of entry, the capital of Ohio, U.S.A.,
and the county-seat of Franklin county, at the confluence of the
Scioto and Olentangy rivers, near the geographical centre of the
state, 120 m. N.E. of Cincinnati, and 138 m. S.S.W. of Cleveland.
Pop. (1890) 88,150; (1900) 125,560, of whom 12,328 were
foreign-born and 8201 were negroes; (1910) 181,511. Columbus
is an important railway centre and is served by the
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, the Pittsburg,
Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis (Pennsylvania system), the
Baltimore & Ohio, the Ohio Central, the Norfolk & Western, the
Hocking Valley, and the Cleveland, Akron & Columbus (Pennsylvania
system) railways, and by nine interurban electric lines.
It occupies a land area of about 17 sq. m., the principal portion
being along the east side of the Scioto in the midst of an extensive
plain. High Street, the principal business thoroughfare, is
100 ft. wide, and Broad Street, on which are many of the finest
residences, is 120 ft. wide, has four rows of trees, a roadway for
heavy vehicles in the middle, and a driveway for carriages on
either side.
The principal building is the state capitol (completed in 1857) in a square of ten acres at the intersection of High and Broad streets. It is built in the simple Doric style, of grey limestone taken from a quarry owned by the state, near the city; is 304 ft. long and 184 ft. wide, and has a rotunda 158 ft. high, on the walls of which are the original painting, by William Henry Powell (1823–1879), of O. H. Perry’s victory on Lake Erie, and portraits of most of the governors of Ohio. Other prominent structures are the U.S. government and the judiciary buildings, the latter connected with the capitol by a stone terrace, the city hall, the county court house, the union station, the board of trade, the soldiers’ memorial hall (with a seating capacity of about 4500), and several office buildings. The city is a favourite meeting-place for conventions. Among the state institutions in Columbus are the university (see below), the penitentiary, a state hospital for the insane, the state school for the blind, and the state institutions for the education of the deaf and dumb and for feeble-minded youth. In the capitol grounds are monuments to the memory of Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, William T. Sherman, Philip H. Sheridan, Salmon P. Chase, and Edwin M. Stanton, and a beautiful memorial arch (with sculpture by H. A. M‘Neil) to William McKinley.
The city has several parks, including the Franklin of 90 acres, the Goodale of 44 acres, and the Schiller of 24 acres, besides the Olentangy, a well-equipped amusement resort on the banks of the river from which it is named, the Indianola, another amusement resort, and the United States military post and recruiting station, which occupies 80 acres laid out like a park. The state fair grounds of 115 acres adjoin the city, and there is also a beautiful cemetery of 220 acres.
The Ohio State University (non-sectarian and co-educational), opened as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College in 1873, and reorganized under its present name in 1878, is 3 m. north of the capitol. It includes colleges of arts, philosophy and science, of education (for teachers), of engineering, of law, of pharmacy, of agriculture and domestic science, and of veterinary medicine. It occupies a campus of 110 acres, has an adjoining farm of 325 acres, and 18 buildings devoted to instruction, 2 dormitories, and a library containing (1906) 67,709 volumes, besides excellent museums of geology, zoology, botany and archaeology and history, the last being owned jointly by the university and by
