British Government, £1000. The chief, whose title is maharaja, is a Rajput of the Bundela clan, being descended from a younger son of a former chief of Orchha. The state suffered from famine in 1896–1897, and again to a less extent in 1899–1900. It is traversed by the branch of the Indian Midland railway from Jhansi to Gwalior. The town of Datia has a railway station, 16 m. from Jhansi. Pop. (1901) 24,071. It is surrounded by a stone wall, enclosing handsome palaces, with gardens; the palace of Bir Singh Deo, of the 17th century, is “one of the finest examples of Hindu domestic architecture in India” (Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1908).
DATIVE (Lat. dativus, giving or given, from dare, to give),
the name, in grammar, of the case of the “indirect object,” the
person or thing to or for whom or which anything is given or done.
In law, the word signifies something, such as an office, which
may be disposed of at will or pleasure, and is opposed to perpetual.
In Scots law the term is applied to persons, duties or powers,
appointed or granted by a court of law; thus an “executor-dative”
is an executor appointed by the court and not by a
testator. It answers, therefore, to the English administrator (q.v.).
In Roman law, a tutor was either dativus, if expressly nominated
in a testament, or optivus, if a power of selection was given.
DATOLITE, a mineral species consisting of basic calcium and boron orthosilicate, Ca(BOH)SiO4. It was first observed by J. Esmark in 1806, and named by him from δατεῖσθαι, “to divide,” and λίθος, “stone,” in allusion to the granular structure of the massive mineral. It usually occurs as well-developed glassy crystals bounded by numerous bright faces, many of which often have a more or less pentagonal outline. The crystals were for a long time considered to be orthorhombic, and indeed they approach closely to this system in habit, interfacial angles and optical orientation; humboldtite was the name given by A. Lévy in 1823 to monoclinic crystals supposed to be distinct from datolite, but the two were afterwards proved to be identical. The mineral also occurs as masses with a granular to compact texture; when compact the fractured surfaces have the appearance of porcelain. A fibrous variety with a botryoidal or globular surface is known as botryolite. Datolite is white or colourless, often with a greenish tinge; it is transparent or opaque. Hardness 5-512; specific gravity 3.0.
Datolite is a mineral of secondary origin, and in its mode of occurrence it resembles the zeolites, being found with them in the amygdaloidal cavities of basic igneous rocks such as basalt; it is also found in gneiss and serpentine, and in metalliferous veins and in beds of iron ore. At Arendal in Norway, the original locality for both the crystallized and botryoidal varieties, it is found in a bed of magnetite. In amygdaloidal basaltic rocks it is found at Bishopton in Renfrewshire and near Edinburgh; and as excellent crystallized specimens at several localities in the United States, e.g. at Westfield in Massachusetts, Bergen and Paterson in New Jersey, and in the copper-mining region of Lake Superior. At St Andreasberg in the Harz it occurs both in diabase and in the veins of silver ore. Fine specimens have recently been obtained from Tasmania.
Large crystals of datolite completely altered to chalcedony were formerly found with magnetite in the Haytor iron mine on Dartmoor in Devonshire; to these pseudomorphs the name haytorite has been applied. (L. J. S.)
DAUB, KARL (1765–1836), German Protestant theologian,
was born at Cassel on the 20th of March 1765. He studied
philosophy, philology and theology at Marburg in 1786, and
eventually (1795) became professor ordinarius of theology at
Heidelberg, where he died on the 22nd of November 1836. Daub
was one of the leaders of a school which sought to reconcile
theology and philosophy, and to bring about a speculative
reconstruction of orthodox dogma. In the course of his intellectual
development, he came successively under the influence
of Kant, Schelling and Hegel, and on account of the different
phases through which he passed he was called the Talleyrand of
German thought. There was one great defect in his speculative
theology: he ignored historical criticism. His purpose was, as
Otto Pfleiderer says, “to connect the metaphysical ideas, which
had been arrived at by means of philosophical dialectic, directly
with the persons and events of the Gospel narratives, thus raising
these above the region of ordinary experience into that of
the supernatural, and regarding the most absurd assertions
as philosophically justified. Daub had become so hopelessly
addicted to this perverse principle that he deduced not only Jesus
as the embodiment of the philosophical idea of the union of God
and man, but also Judas Iscariot as the embodiment of the idea
of a rival god, or Satan.” The three stages in Daub’s development
are clearly marked in his writings. His
Lehrbuch der Katechetik (1801) was written under the spell of Kant. His Theologumena (1806), his
Einleitung in das Studium der christl. Dogmatik (1810), and his Judas Ischarioth (2 vols., 1816, 2nd
ed., 1818), were all written in the spirit of Schelling, the last
of them reflecting a change in Schelling himself from theosophy
to positive philosophy. Daub’s
Die dogmatische Theologie jetziger Zeit oder die Selbstsucht in der Wissenschaft des Glaubens (1833),
and Vorlesungen über die Prolegomena zur Dogmatik (1839), are
Hegelian in principle and obscure in language.
See Rosenkranz, Erinnerungen an Karl Daub (1837); D. Fr. Strauss, Charakteristiken und Kritiken (2nd ed., 1844); and cf. F. Lichtenberger, History of German Theology (1889); Otto Pfleiderer, Development of Theology (1890). (M. A. C.)
DAUBENTON, LOUIS-JEAN-MARIE (1716–1800), French naturalist, was born at Montbar (Côte d’Or) on the 29th of May 1716. His father, Jean Daubenton, a notary, destined him for the church, and sent him to Paris to learn theology, but the study of medicine was more to his taste. The death of his father in 1736 set him free to follow his own inclinations, and accordingly in 1741 he graduated in medicine at Reims, and returned to his native town with the intention of practising as a physician. But about this time Buffon, also a native of Montbar, had formed the plan of bringing out a grand treatise on natural history, and in 1742 he invited Daubenton to assist him by providing the anatomical descriptions for that work. The characters of the two men were opposed in almost every respect. Buffon was violent and impatient; Daubenton, gentle and patient; Buffon was rash in his judgments, and imaginative, seeking rather to divine than to discover truths; Daubenton was cautious, and believed nothing he had not himself been able to see or ascertain. From nature each appeared to have received the qualities requisite to temper those of the other; and a more suitable coadjutor than Daubenton it would have been difficult for Buffon to obtain. In the first section of the natural history Daubenton gave descriptions and details of the dissection of 182 species of quadrupeds, thus procuring for himself a high reputation, and exciting the envy of Réaumur, who considered himself as at the head of the learned in natural history in France. A feeling of jealousy induced Buffon to dispense with the services of Daubenton in the preparation of the subsequent parts of his work, which, as a consequence, lost much in precision and scientific value. Buffon afterwards perceived and acknowledged his error, and renewed his intimacy with his former associate. The number of dissertations on natural history which Daubenton published in the memoirs of the French Academy is very great. Zoological descriptions and dissections, the comparative anatomy of recent and fossil animals, vegetable physiology, mineralogy, experiments in agriculture, and the introduction of the merino sheep into France gave active occupation to his energies; and the cabinet of natural history in Paris, of which in 1744 he was appointed keeper and demonstrator, was arranged and considerably enriched by him. From 1775 Daubenton lectured on natural history in the college of medicine, and in 1783 on rural economy at the Alfort school. He was also professor of mineralogy at the Jardin du Roi. As a lecturer he was in high repute, and to the last retained his popularity. In December 1799 he was appointed a member of the senate, but at the first meeting which he attended he fell from his seat in an apoplectic fit, and after a short illness died at Paris on the 1st of January 1800.
DAUBENY, CHARLES GILES BRIDLE (1795–1867), English chemist, botanist and geologist, was the third son of the Rev. James Daubeny, and was born at Stratton in Gloucestershire on
