Copts, who at the first had found the Moslem lighter than the Roman yoke.
A question often debated by Arabic authors is whether Egypt was taken by storm or capitulation, but, so far as the transference of the country was accomplished by the first taking of Alexandria, there seems no doubt that the Terms of capitulation. latter view is correct. The terms were those on which conquered communities were ordinarily taken under Moslem protection. In return for a tribute of money (jizyah) and food for the troops of occupation (ḍarībat-al-ṭa’ām), the Christian inhabitants of Egypt were to be excused military service, and to be left free in the observance of their religion and the administration of their affairs.
From 639 to 968 Egypt was a province of the Eastern Caliphate, and was ruled by governors sent from the cities which at different times ranked as capitals. Like other provinces of the later Abbasid Caliphate its rulers were, during this period, able to establish quasi-independent dynasties, such being those of the Tulunids who ruled from 868 to 905, and the Ikshidis from 935–969. In 969 the country was conquered by Jauhar for the Fatimite caliph Mo’izz, who transferred his capital from Mahdia (q.v.) in the Maghrib to Cairo. This dynasty lasted till 1171, when Egypt was again embodied in the Abbasid empire by Saladin, who, however, was himself the founder of a quasi-independent dynasty called the Ayyubites or Ayyubids, which lasted till 1252. The Ayyubites were followed by the Mameluke dynasties, usually classified as Baḥri from 1252–1382, and Burji from 1382–1517; these sovereigns were nominally under the suzerainty of Abbasid caliphs, who were in reality instruments of the Mameluke sultans, and resided at Cairo. In 1517 Egypt became part of the Ottoman empire and was governed by pashas sent from Constantinople, whose influence about 1707 gave way to that of officials chosen from the Mamelukes who bore the title Sheik al-balad. After the episode of the French occupation, government by pashas was restored; Mehemet Ali (appointed pasha in 1805) obtained from the Porte in 1841 the right to bequeath the sovereignty to his descendants, one of whom, Ismail Pasha, received the title Khedive, which is still held by Mehemet Ali’s descendants.
(2) The following is a list of the governors of Egypt in these successive periods:—
(a) During the undivided Caliphate.
ʽAmr-ibn-el-Ass, A.H. 18–24 (A.D. 639–645).
ʽAbdallah b. Saʽd b. Abī Sarh, 24–36 (645–656).
Qais b. Saʽd b. ʽUbādah, 36 (657–658).
Mahommed b. Abu Bekr, 37–38 (658).
Ashtar Mālik b. al-Hārith (appointed, but never governed).
ʽAmr-ibn-el-Ass, 38–43 (658–663).
ʽUtbah b. Abu Sofiān, 43–44 (664–665).
ʽUtbah b. ʽĀmir, 44–45 (665).
Maslama b. Mukhallad, 45–62 (665–682).
Saʽīd b. Yazīd b. ʽAlqamah, 62–64 (682–684).
Abdarrahman b. ʽUtbah b. Jahdam, 64–65 (684).
Abdalazīz (ʽAbd al-ʽAzīz) b. Merwān, 65–86 (685–705).
ʽAbdallah b. ʽAbd al-Malik, 86–90 (705–708).
Qurrah b. Sharīk al-ʽAbsī, 90–96 (709–714).
ʽAbd al-Malik b. Rifāʽah al-Fahmī, 96–99 (715–717).
Ayyūb b. Shuraḥbīl al-Aṣbaḥī, 99–101 (717–720).
Bishr b. Ṣafwān al-Kalbī, 101–102 (720–721).
Ḥanzalah b. Ṣafwān, 102–105 (721–724).
Mahommed b. ʽAbd al-Malik, 105 (724).
Ḥurr b. Yūsuf, 105–108 (724–727).
Ḥafṣ b. al-Walīd, 108 (727).
ʽAbd al-Malik b. Rifāʽah, 109 (727).
Walīd b. Rifāʽah, 109–117 (727–735).
ʽAbd al-Raḥmān b. Khālid, 117–118 (735).
Ḥanẓalah b. Ṣafwān, 118–124 (735–742).
Ḥafṣ b. al-Walīd, 124–127 (742–745).
Ḥassān b. ʽAtāhiyah al-Tuʽjibī, 127 (745).
Ḥafṣ b. al-Walīd, 127 (745).
Hautharah b. Suhail al-Bāhilī, 128–131 (745–749).
Mughīrah b. ʽUbaidallah al-Fazārī, 131–132 (749).
ʽAbd al-Malik b. Marwān al-Lakhmī, 132 (750).
Ṣāliḥ b. ʽAlī, 133 (750–751).
Abū ʽAun ʽAbdalmalik b. Yazīd, 133–136 (751–753).
Ṣāliḥ b. ʽAlī, 136–137 (753–755)—second time.
Abū ʽAun, 137–141 (755–758)—second time.
Mūsā b. Kaʽb b. ʽUyainah al-Tamīmī, 141 (758–759).
Mahommed b. al-Ashʽath b. ʽUqbah al-Khuzā ī, 141–143 (759–760).
Ḥumaid b. Qaḥṭabah b. Shabīb al-Ṭāʽī, 143–144 (760–762).
Yazīd b. Ḥātim b. Kabīsah al-Muhallabī, 144–152 (762–769).
ʽAbdallah b. ʽAbdarraḥmān b. Moawiya b. Ḥudaij, 152–155 (769–772).
Mahommed b. Abdarraḥman b. Moawiya b. Ḥudaij, 155 (772).
Mūsā b. ʽUlayy b. Rabāh al-Lakhmī, 155–161 (772–778).
ʽĪsā b. Luqmān b. Mahommed al-Jumahī, 161–162 (778).
Wāḍiḥ, 162 (779).
Manṣūr b. Yazīd b. Manṣūr al-Ruʽainī, 162 (779).
Abū Ṣāliḥ Yaḥyā b. Dāwūd b. Mamdūd, 162–164 (779–780).
Sālim b. Sawādah al-Tamīmī, 164 (780–781).
Ibrāhīm b. Ṣāliḥ b. ʽAlī, 165–167 (781–784).
Mūsā b. Musʽab b. al-Rabī al-Khathʽamī, 167–168 (784–785).
Usāmah b. ʽAmr b. ʽAlqamah al-Maʽāfirī, 168 (785).
al Faḍl b. Ṣāliḥ b. ʽAlī al-ʽAbbāsī, 168–169 (785–786).
ʽAlī b. Sulaimān b. ʽAlī al-ʽAbbāsī, 169–171 (786–787).
Mūsā b. ʽĪsā b. Mūsā al-ʽAbbāsī, 171–172 (787–789).
Maslamah b. Yaḥyā b. Qurrah al-Bājilī, 172–173 (789–790).
Mahommed b. Zuhair al-Azdī, 173 (790).
Dāwūd b. Yazīd b. Ḥātim al-Muhallabī, 174–175 (790).
Mūsā b. ʽĪsā al-ʽAbbāsī, 175–176 (790–792).
Ibrāhīm b. Ṣāliḥ, 176 (792).
Ṣāliḥ b. Ibrāhīm, 176 (792).
Abdallah b. al-Musayyib b. Zuhair al Ḍabbī, 176–177 (792–793).
Isḥāq b. Sulaimān b. ʽAlī al-ʽAbbāsī, 177–178 (793–794).
Harthamah b. Aʽyan, 178 (794–795).
ʽObaidallah b. al-Mahdī, 179 (795).
Mūsā b. ʽĪsā al-ʽAbbāsī, 179–180 (795–796).
ʽObaidallah b. al-Mahdī, 180–181 (796–797)—second time.
Ismāʽīl b. Ṣāliḥ b. ʽAlī al-ʽAbbāsī, 181–182 (797–798).
Ismāʽīl b. ʽĪsā b. Mūsā al-ʽAbbāsī, 182–183 (798).
Laith b. al-Faḍl al-Abīwardī, 183–187 (798–803).
Aḥmad b. Ismāʽīl b. ʽAlī al-ʽAbbāsī, 187–189 (803–805).
ʽObaidallah b. Mahommed b. Ibrāhīm al-ʽAbbāsī, 189–190 (805–806).
Ḥusain b. Jamīl, 190–192 (806–808).
Mālik b. Dalham b. ʽĪsā al-Kalbī, 192–193 (808).
Ḥasan b. al-Taḥtāḥ, 193–194 (808–809).
Ḥātim b. Harthamah b. Aʽyan, 194–195 (809–811).
Jābir b. al-Ashʽath b. Yaḥyā al-Ṭāʽī, 195–196 (811–812).
ʽAbbād b. Mahommed b. Ḥayyān al-Balkhī, 196–198 (812–813).
Moṭṭalib b. ʽAbdallah b. Mālik al-Khuzāʽī, 198 (813–814).
ʽAbbās b. Mūsā b. ʽĪsā al-ʽAbbāsī, 198–199 (814).
Moṭṭalib b. ʽAbdallah, 199–200 (814–816)—second time.
Sarī b. al-Ḥakam b. Yūsuf, 200–201 (816).
Sulaimān b. Ghālib b. Jibrīl al-Bājilī, 201 (816–817).
Sarī b. al-Ḥakam, 201–205 (817–820).
Abū Naṣr Mahommed b. al-Sarī, 205 (820–821).
ʽObaidallah b. al-Sarī, 205–211 (821–826).
ʽAbdallah b. Ṭāhir, 211–213 (826–829).
Mahommed b. Hārūn (al-Moʽtasim), 213–214 (829).
ʽUmair b. Al-Walīd al-Tamīmī al-Bādhaghīsī, 214 (829).
ʽĪsā b. Yazīd, 214 (829).
ʽAbduyah b. Jabalah, 215–216 (830–831).
ʽĪsā b. Manṣūr b. Mūsā al-Rāfiʽī, 216–217 (831–832).
Naṣr b. Abdallah Kaidar al-Ṣafadī, 217–219 (832–834).
Muzaffar b. Kaidar, 219 (834).
Mūsā b. Abiʽl-ʽAbbās Thābit al-Hanafī, 219–224 (834–839).
Mālik b. Kaidar al Ṣafadī, 224–226 (839–841).
ʽAlī b. Yaḥyā abu l-Hasan al-Armanī, 226–228 (841–842).
ʽIsā b. Manṣūr al-Rāfiʽī, 229–233 (843–847).
Harthamah b. al-Naḍir al-Jabalī, 233–234 (848–849).
Ḥātim b. Harthamah, 234 (849).
ʽAlī b. Yaḥyā, 234–235 (849–850).
Ishāq b. Yaḥyā al-Khatlānī, 235–236 (850–851).
ʽAbd al-Wāhid b. Yaḥyā b. Manṣūr, 236–238 (851–852).
ʽAnbasa b. Ishāq b. Shamir, 238–242 (852–856).
Yazīd b. ʽAbdallah b. Dīnār, 242–253 (856–867).
Muzāhim b. Khāqān al-Turkī, 253–254 (867–868).
Aḥmad b. Muzāhim b. Khāqān, 254 (868).
Urjūz b. Ulugh Ṭarkhān al-Turkī, 254 (868).
Tulunid house.
Aḥmad b. Ṭūlūn, 254–270 (868–884).
Khomārūya b. Aḥmad, 270–282 (884–896).
Jaish b. Khomārūya, 282 (896).
Hārūn b. Khomārūya, 283–292 (896–904).
Shaibān b. Aḥmad, 292 (905).
ʽĪsā b. Mahommed al-Naūsharī, 292 (905).
Mahommed b. ʽAli al-Khalanjī, 292–293 (905–906).
ʽĪsā al-Naūsharī, 293–297 (906–910)—second time.
Takīn b. Abdallah al-Khazarī, 297–302 (910–915).
Dhukā al-Rūmī, 303–307 (915–919).
Takīn b. ʽAbdallah, 307–309 (919–921)—second time.
Abū Qābūs Maḥmūd b. Ḥamal, 309 (921).
Hilāl b. Badr, 309–311 (921–923).
Aḥmad b. Kaighlagh, 311 (923).
Takīn b. Abdallah, 311–321 (923–933)—third time.
Mahommed b. Takīn, 321 (933).
