ingot-steel. No. X. is a specimen of the wire which was used by J. Swinburne to form the core of his “hedgehog” transformers. Its diameter was 0.602 millimetre. All these samples were tested in the form of rings by the ballistic method, the rings of sheet-metal being stamped or turned in the flat. The wire ring No. X. was coiled and annealed after coiling.
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| Fig. 3. |
Table III.—Permeability Tests of Transformer Plate and Wire.
| Magnetic Flux Density B (C.G.S. Units). | VII. Transformer- plate of Swedish Iron. |
VIII. Transformer- plate of Scrap Iron. | IX. Transformer- plate of of Steel. |
X. Transformer- wire. | ||||
| H | μ | H | μ | H | μ | H | μ | |
| 1,000 | 0.81 | 1230 | 1.08 | 920 | 0.60 | 1470 | 1.71 | 590 |
| 2,000 | 1.05 | 1900 | 1.46 | 1370 | 0.90 | 2230 | 2.10 | 950 |
| 3,000 | 1.26 | 2320 | 1.77 | 1690 | 1.04 | 2880 | 2.30 | 1300 |
| 4,000 | 1.54 | 2600 | 2.10 | 1900 | 1.19 | 3360 | 2.50 | 1600 |
| 5,000 | 1.82 | 2750 | 2.53 | 1980 | 1.38 | 3620 | 2.70 | 1850 |
| 6,000 | 2.14 | 2800 | 3.04 | 1970 | 1.59 | 3770 | 2.92 | 2070 |
| 7,000 | 2.54 | 2760 | 3.62 | 1930 | 1.89 | 3700 | 3.16 | 2210 |
| 8,000 | 3.09 | 2590 | 4.37 | 1830 | 2.25 | 3600 | 3.43 | 2330 |
| 9,000 | 3.77 | 2390 | 5.3 | 1700 | 2.72 | 3310 | 3.77 | 2390 |
| 10,000 | 4.6 | 2170 | 6.5 | 1540 | 3.33 | 3000 | 4.17 | 2400 |
| 11,000 | 5.7 | 1930 | 7.9 | 1390 | 4.15 | 2650 | 4.70 | 2340 |
| 12,000 | 7.0 | 1710 | 9.8 | 1220 | 5.40 | 2220 | 5.45 | 2200 |
| 13,000 | 8.5 | 1530 | 11.9 | 1190 | 7.1 | 1830 | 6.5 | 2000 |
| 14,000 | 11.0 | 1270 | 15.0 | 930 | 10.0 | 1400 | 8.4 | 1670 |
| 15,000 | 15.1 | 990 | 19.5 | 770 | · · | · · | 11.9 | 1260 |
| 16,000 | 21.4 | 750 | 27.5 | 580 | · · | · · | 21.0 | 760 |
Some typical flux-density curves of iron and steel as used in dynamo and transformer building are given in fig. 4.
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| Fig. 4. |
The numbers in Table III. well illustrate the fact that the permeability, μ = B/H has a maximum value corresponding to a certain flux density. The tables are also explanatory of the fact that mild steel has gradually replaced iron in the manufacture of dynamo electromagnets and transformer-cores.
Broadly speaking, the materials which are now employed in the manufacture of the cores of electromagnets for technical purposes of various kinds may be said to fall into three classes, namely, forgings, castings and stampings. In some cases the iron or steel core which is to be magnetized is simply a mass of iron hammered or pressed into shape by hydraulic pressure; in other cases it has to be fused and cast; and for certain other purposes it must be rolled first into thin sheets, which are subsequently stamped out into the required forms.
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| Fig. 5. |
For particular purposes it is necessary to obtain the highest possible magnetic permeability corresponding to a high, or the highest attainable flux density. This is generally the case in the electromagnets which are employed as the field magnets in dynamo machines. It may generally be said that whilst the best wrought iron, such as annealed Low Moor or Swedish iron, is more permeable for low flux densities than steel castings, the cast steel may surpass the wrought metal for high flux density. For most electro-technical purposes the best magnetic results are given by the employment of forged ingot-iron. This material is probably the most permeable throughout the whole scale of attainable flux densities. It is slightly superior to wrought iron, and it only becomes inferior to the highest class of cast steel when the flux density is pressed above 18,000 C.G.S. units (see fig. 5). For flux densities above 13,000 the forged ingot-iron has now practically replaced for electric engineering purposes the Low Moor or Swedish iron. Owing to the method of its production, it might in truth be called a soft steel with a very small percentage of combined carbon. The best description of this material is conveyed by the German term “Flusseisen,” but its nearest British equivalent is “ingot-iron.” Chemically speaking, the material is for all practical purposes very nearly pure iron. The same may be said of the cast steels now much employed for the production of dynamo magnet cores. The cast steel which is in demand for this purpose has a slightly lower permeability than the ingot-iron for low flux densities, but for flux densities above 16,000 the required result may be more cheaply obtained with a steel casting than with a forging. When high tensile strength is required in addition to considerable magnetic permeability, it has been found advantageous to employ a steel containing 5% of nickel. The rolled sheet iron and sheet steel which is in request for the construction of magnet cores, especially those in which the exciting current is an alternating current, are, generally speaking, produced from Swedish iron. Owing to the mechanical treatment necessary to reduce the material to a thin sheet, the permeability at low flux densities is rather higher than, although at high flux densities it is inferior
