editor” throughout, was founded on the 10th edition of Brockhaus. A revised edition appeared in 1874, 8320 pages. In the list of 126 contributors were J. H. Burton, Emmanuel Deutsch, Professor Goldstücker, &c. The index of matters not having special articles contained about 1500 headings. The articles were generally excellent, more especially on Jewish literature, folk-lore and practical science; but, as in Brockhaus, the scope of the work did not allow extended treatment. A further revision took place, and in 1888–1892 an entirely new edition was published, in 10 vols., still further new editions being issued in 1895 and in 1901.
An excellent brief compilation, the Harmsworth Encyclopaedia (1905), was published in 40 fortnightly parts (sevenpence each) in England, and as Nelson’s Encyclopaedia (revised) in 12 vols. (1906) in America. It was originally prepared for Messrs Nelson of Edinburgh and for the Carmelite Press, London.
In the United States various encyclopaedias have been published, but without rivalling there the Encyclopædia Britannica, the 9th edition of which was extensively pirated. Several American Supplements were also issued.
The New American Cyclopaedia, New York (Appleton & Co.), 1858–1863, 16 vols., 12,752 pages, was the work of the editors, George Ripley and Charles Anderson Dana, and 364 contributors, chiefly American. A supplementary work, the American Annual Cyclopaedia, a yearly 8vo vol. of about 800 pages and 250 articles, was started in 1861, but ceased in 1902. In a new edition, the American Cyclopaedia, 1873–1876, 8vo, 16 vols., 13,484 pages, by the same editors, 4 associate editors, 31 revisers and a librarian, each article passed through the hands of 6 or 8 revisers.
Other American encyclopaedias are Alvin J. Johnson’s New Universal Cyclopaedia, 1875–1877, in 4 vols., a new edition of which (excellently planned) was published in 8 vols., 1893–1895, under the name of Johnson’s Universal Cyclopaedia; the Encyclopaedia Americana, edited by Francis Lieber, which appeared in 1839–1847 in 14 vols.; a new work under the same title, published in 1903–1904 in 16 vols.; the International Cyclopaedia, first published in 1884 (revised in 1891, 1894 and 1898), and superseded in 1902 (revised, 1906) by the New International Encyclopaedia in 17 vols.
In Europe a great impetus was given to the compilation of encyclopaedias by the appearance of Brockhaus’ Conversations-Lexicon (see above), which, as a begetter of these works, must rank, in the 19th century, with the Cyclopaedia of Ephraim Chambers in the 18th. The following, although in no sense an exhaustive list, may be here mentioned. In France, Le Grand Dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle, of Pierre Larousse (15 vols., 1866–1876), with supplementary volumes in 1877, 1887 and 1890; the Nouveau Larousse illustré, dictionnaire universel encyclopédique (7 vols., 1901–1904), (this is in no way a re-issue or an abridgment of Le Grand Dictionnaire of Pierre Larousse); La Grande Encyclopédie, inventaire raisonné des sciences, des lettres, et des arts, in 31 vols. (1886–1903). In Italy, the Nuova Enciclopedia Italiana (14 vols., 1841–1851, and in 25 vols., 1875–1888). In Spain, the Diccionario enciclopedico Hispano-Americano de litteratura, ciencias y artes, published at Barcelona (25 vols., 1877–1899). The Russian encyclopaedia, Russkiy Entsiklopedicheskiy Slovar (41 vols., 1905, 2 supplementary vols., 1908) was begun in 1890 as a Russian version of Brockhaus’ Conversations-Lexicon, but has become a monumental encyclopaedia, to which all the best Russian men of science and letters have contributed. Elaborate encyclopaedias have also appeared in the Polish, Hungarian, Bohemian and Rumanian languages. Of Scandinavian encyclopaedias there have been re-issues of the Nordësk Conversations-Lexicon, first published in 1858–1863, and of the Svenskt Conversations-Lexicon, first published in 1845–1851.
ENDECOTT, JOHN (c. 1588–1665), English colonial governor
in America, was born probably at Dorchester, Dorsetshire,
England, about 1588. Little is known of him before 1628, when
he was one of the six “joint adventurers” who purchased from
the Plymouth Company a strip of land about 60 m. wide along
the Massachusetts coast and extending westward to the Pacific
Ocean. By his associates Endecott was entrusted with the
responsibility of leading the first colonists to the region, and with
some sixty persons proceeded to Naumkeag (later Salem) where
Roger Conant, a seceder from the colony at Plymouth, had begun
a settlement two years earlier. Endecott experienced some trouble
with the previous settlers and with Thomas Morton’s settlement
at “Merry Mount” (Mount Wollaston, now Quincy), where,
in accordance with his strict Puritanical tenets, he cut down
the maypole and dispersed the merrymakers. He was the local
governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony from the 30th of
April 1629 to the 12th of June 1630, when John Winthrop, who
had succeeded Matthew Cradock as governor of the company on
the 20th of October 1629, brought the charter to Salem and
became governor of the colony as well as of the company. In
the years immediately following he continued to take a prominent
part in the affairs of the colony, serving as an assistant and as
a military commissioner, and commanding, although with little
success, an expedition against the Pequots in 1636. At Salem
he was a member of the congregation of Roger Williams, whom
he resolutely defended in his trouble with the New England
clerical hierarchy, and excited by Williams’s teachings, cut the
cross of St George from the English flag in token of his hatred of
all symbols of Romanism. He was deputy-governor in 1641–1644,
and governor in 1644–1645, and served also as
sergeant-major-general (commander-in-chief) of the militia and as one
of the commissioners of the United Colonies of New England,
of which in 1658 he was president. On the death of John
Winthrop in 1649 he became governor, and by annual re-elections
served continuously until his death, with the exception of two
years (1650–1651 and 1654–1655), when he was deputy-governor.
Under his authority the colony of Massachusetts Bay made rapid
progress, and except in the matter of religious intolerance—he
showed great bigotry and harshness, particularly towards the
Quakers—his rule was just and praiseworthy. Of him Edward
Eggleston says: “A strange mixture of rashness, pious zeal,
genial manners, hot temper, and harsh bigotry, his extravagances
supply the condiment of humour to a very serious history—it
is perhaps the principal debt posterity owes him.” He died on
the 15th of March 1665.
See C. M. Endicott, Memoirs of John Endecott (Salem, 1847), and a “Memoir of John Endecott” in Antiquarian Papers of the American Antiquarian Society (Worcester, Mass., 1879).
A lineal descendant, William Crowninshield Endicott (1826–1900), graduated at Harvard in 1847, was a justice of the Massachusetts supreme court in 1873–1882, and was secretary of war in President Cleveland’s cabinet from 1885 to 1889. His daughter, Mary Crowninshield Endicott, was married to the English statesman Mr Joseph Chamberlain in 1888.
ENDIVE, Cichorium Endivia, an annual esculent plant of the
natural order Compositae, commonly reputed to have been
introduced into Europe from the East Indies, but, according to
some authorities, more probably indigenous to Egypt. It has
been cultivated in England for more than three hundred years,
and is mentioned by John Gerarde in his Herbal (1597). There are
numerous varieties of the endive, forming two groups, namely,
the curled or narrow-leaved (var. crispa), and the Batavian or
broad-leaved (var. latifolia), the leaves of which are not curled.
The former varieties are those most used for salads, the latter
being grown chiefly for culinary purposes. The plant requires
a light, rich and dry soil, in an unshaded situation. In the
climate of England sowing for the main crop should begin about
the second or third week in June; but for plants required to be
used young it may be as early as the latter half of April, and for
winter crops up to the middle of August. The seed should be
finely spread in drills 4 in. asunder, and then lightly covered.
After reaching an inch in height the young plants are thinned;
and when about a month old they may be placed out at distances
of 12 or 15 in., in drills 3 in. in depth, care being taken in removing
them from the seed-bed to disturb their roots as little as possible.
The Batavian require more room than the curled-leaved varieties.
Transplantation, where early crops are required, has been found
inadvisable. Rapidity of growth is promoted by the application
of liquid manures. The bleaching of endive, in order to prevent
the development of the natural bitter taste of the leaves, and to
improve their appearance, is begun about three months after the
sowing, and is best effected either by tying the outer leaves
around the inner, or, as in damp seasons, by the use of the
