earl of Northumberland and all the lords of the north; the army
which was called out against him refused to fight, and joined
his banner, and in a few days he was master of all
England (July 1399). King Richard, hurrying back
from Ireland, landed at Milford Haven just in time
to learn that the levies raised in his name Henry of Bolingbroke lands in England.
Flight of Richard.
Surrender and abdication of Richard.had dispersed
or joined the enemy. He still had with him a
considerable force, and might have tried the fortune of war with
some prospect of success. But his conduct seemed dictated
by absolute infatuation; he might have fought, or he might
have fled to his father-in-law in France, if he judged his troops
untrustworthy. Instead of taking either course, he
deserted his army by night, and fled into the Welsh
mountains, apparently with the intention of collecting
fresh adherents from North Wales and Cheshire, the only regions
where he was popular. But Bolingbroke had already seized
Chester, and was marching against him at the head of such a
large army that the countryside refused to stir. After skulking
for three weeks in the hills, Richard surrendered to his cousin
at Flint, on the 19th of August 1399, having previously stipulated
that if he consented to abdicate his life should be spared,
his adherents pardoned, and an honourable livelihood
assured to him. This surrender put the crown to his
career of folly. He should have known that Henry
would never feel safe while he survived, and that no
oaths could be trusted in such circumstances. At all costs he
should have endeavoured to escape abroad, a course that was
still in his power.
Richard carried out his part of the bargain; he executed a deed
of abdication in which he owned himself “insufficient and useless.”
It was read to a parliament summoned in his
name on the 30th of September, and the throne was
declared vacant. There was small doubt as to the
Accession
of Henry IV.
personality of his successor; possession is nine points
of the law, and Henry of Bolingbroke for the moment had the
whole nation at his back. His hereditary title indeed was imperfect;
though he was the eldest descendant of Edward III.
in the male line after Richard, yet there was a whole family
which stood between him and the crown. From Lionel of
Clarence, the second son of Edward III. (John of Gaunt was
only the third) descended the house of March, and the late king
had proclaimed that Edmund of March would be his heir if he
should die childless. Fortunately for Bolingbroke the young
earl was only six years of age; not a voice was raised in his
favour in parliament. When Henry stood forward and claimed
the vacant throne by right of conquest and also by right of
descent, no one gainsaid him. Lords and commons voted that
they would have him for their king, and he was duly crowned
on the 13th of October 1399. No faith was kept with the unhappy
Richard; he was placed in close and secret confinement,
and denied the ordinary comforts of life. Moreover the adherents
for whose safety he had stipulated were at once impeached
of treason.
Henry of Lancaster came to the throne, for all intents and purposes as an elective king; he had to depend for the future on his ability to conciliate and satisfy the baronage and the commons by his governance. For by his usurpation he had sanctioned the theory that kings Position of the new king. can be deposed for incapacity and maladministration. If he himself should become unpopular, all the arguments that he had employed against Richard might be turned against himself. The prospect was not reassuring; his revenue was small, and parliament would certainly murmur if he tried to increase it. The late king was not without partisans and admirers. There was a considerable chance that the French king might declare war—nominally to avenge his son-in-law, really to win Calais and Bordeaux. Of the partisans who had placed Henry on the throne many were greedy, and some were wholly unreasonable. But he trusted to his tact and his energy, and cheerfully undertook the task of ruling as a constitutional king—the friend of the parliament that had placed him on the throne.
The problem proved more weary and exhausting than he had suspected. From the very first his reign was a time of war, foreign and domestic, of murmuring, and of humiliating shifts and devices. Henry commenced his career by granting the adherents of Richard II. their lives, after Rebellion of the earls. they had been first declared guilty of treason and had been deprived of the titles, lands and endowments given them by the late king. Their reply to this very modified show of mercy was to engage in a desperate conspiracy against him. If they had waited till his popularity had waned, they might have had some chance of success, but in anger and resentment they struck too soon. The earls of Kent and Huntingdon, close kinsmen of Richard on his mother’s side, the earl of Salisbury—a noted Lollard—and the lords Despenser and Lumley took arms at midwinter (Jan. 4, 1400) and attempted to seize the king at Windsor. They captured the castle, but Henry escaped, raised the levies of London against them, and beat them into the west. Kent and Salisbury were slain at Cirencester, the others captured and executed with many of their followers. Their rebellion sealed the fate of the master in whose cause they had risen. Henry and his counsellors were determined that there should Murder of Richard. be no further use made of the name of the “lawful king,” and Richard was deliberately murdered by privation—insufficient clothing, food and warmth—in his dungeon at Pontefract Castle (Feb. 17, 1400). It is impossible not to pity his fate. He had been wayward, unwise and occasionally revengeful; but his provocation had been great, and if few tyrants have used more violent and offensive language, few have committed such a small list of actual crimes. It was a curious commentary on Henry’s policy, that Richard, even when dead, did not cease to give him trouble. Rumour got abroad, owing to the secrecy of his end, that he was not really dead, and an impostor long lived at the Scottish court who claimed to be the missing king, and was recognized as Richard by many malcontents who wished to be deceived.
The rising of the earls was only the first and the least dangerous of the trials of Henry IV. Only a few months after their death a rebellion of a far more formidable sort broke out in Wales—where Richard II. had been popular, and the house of March, his natural heirs, held large Welsh rising under Owen Glendower. estates. The leader was a gentleman named Owen Glendower, who had the blood of the ancient kings of Gwynedd in his veins. Originally he had taken to the hills as a mere outlaw, in consequence of a quarrel with one of the marcher barons; but after many small successes he began to be recognized as a national leader by his countrymen, and proclaimed himself prince of Wales. The king marched against him in person in 1400 and 1401, but Glendower showed himself a master of guerrilla warfare; he refused battle, and defied pursuit in his mountains, till the stores of the English army were exhausted and Henry was forced to retire. His prestige as a general was shaken, and his treasury exhausted by these fruitless irregular campaigns.
Meanwhile worse troubles were to come. The commons were
beginning to murmur at the king’s administration; they had
obtained neither the peace nor the diminished taxation
which they had been promised. Moreover, among
some classes at least, he had won desperate hatred
Discontent of the commons.
Statute De heretico comburendo.
by his policy in matters of religion. One of his chief
supporters in 1399 had been Archbishop Arundel, an old enemy
of Richard II. and brother to the earl who had been beheaded
in 1397. Arundel was determined to extirpate the Lollards,
and used his influence on the king to induce him to frame and
pass through parliament the detestable statute De
heretico comburendo, which recognized death by burning
at the stake as the penalty of heresy, and bound
the civil authorities to arrest, hand over to the church
courts, and receive back for execution, all contumacious Lollards.
Henry himself does not seem to have been particularly enthusiastic
for persecution, but in order to keep the church party
on his side he was forced to sanction it. The burnings began
with that of William Sawtré, a London vicar, on the 2nd of
