chlorides are known; e.g. ferric chloride in the presence of ether at 150° C. gives C2H4·FeCl3·2H2O (J. Kachtler, Ber., 1869, 2, p. 510), while platinum bichloride in concentrated hydrochloric acid solution absorbs ethylene, forming the compound C2H4·PtCl2 (K. Birnbaum, Ann., 1868, 145, p. 69).
ÉTIENNE, CHARLES GUILLAUME (1778–1845), French
dramatist and miscellaneous writer, was born near Saint Dizier,
Haute Marne, on the 5th of January 1778. He held various
municipal offices under the Revolution and came in 1796 to
Paris, where he produced his first opera, Le Rêve, in 1799, in
collaboration with Antoine Frédéric Gresnick. Although
Étienne continued to write for the Paris theatres for twenty
years from that date, he is remembered chiefly as the author
of one comedy, which excited considerable controversy. Les
Deux Gendres was represented at the Théâtre Français on the
11th of August 1810, and procured for its author a seat in the
Academy. A rumour was put in circulation that Étienne had
drawn largely on a manuscript play in the imperial library,
entitled Conaxa, ou les gendres dupés. His rivals were not slow
to take up the charge of plagiarism, to which Étienne replied
that the story was an old one (it existed in an old French fabliau)
and had already been treated by Alexis Piron in Les Fils ingrats.
He was, however, driven later to make admissions which at
least showed a certain lack of candour. The bitterness of the
attacks made on him was no doubt in part due to his position
as editor-in-chief of the official Journal de l’Empire. His next
play, L’Intrigante (1812), hardly maintained the high level of
Les Deux Gendres; the patriotic opera L’Oriflamme and his lyric
masterpiece Joconde date from 1814. Étienne had been secretary
to Hugues Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano, and in this capacity
had accompanied Napoleon throughout his campaigns in Italy,
Germany, Austria and Poland. During these journeys he produced
one of his best pieces, Brueys et Palaprat (1807). During
the Restoration Étienne was an active member of the opposition.
He was seven times returned as deputy for the department of
Meuse, and was in full sympathy with the revolution of 1830,
but the reforms actually carried out did not fulfil his expectations,
and he gradually retired from public life. Among his other
plays may be noted: Les Deux Mères, Le Pacha de Suresnes, and
La Petite École des pères, all produced in 1802, in collaboration
with his friend Gaugiran de Nanteuil (1778–1830). With Alphonse
Dieudonné Martainville (1779–1830) he wrote an Histoire du
Théâtre Français (4 vols., 1802) during the revolutionary period.
Étienne was a bitter opponent of the romanticists, one of whom,
Alfred de Vigny, was his successor and panegyrist in the Academy.
He died on the 13th of March 1845.
His Œuvres (6 vols., 1846–1853) contain a notice of the author by L. Thiessé.
ETIQUETTE, a term for ceremonial usage, the rules of behaviour
observed in society, more particularly the formal rules
of ceremony to be observed at court functions, &c., the procedure,
especially with regard to precedence and promotions
in an organized body or society. Professions, such as the law
or medicine, observe a code of etiquette, which the members
must observe as protecting the dignity of the profession and
preventing injury to its members. The word is French. The
O. Fr. estiquette or estiquet meant a label, or “ticket,” the true
English derivative. The ultimate origin is Teutonic, from
sticken, to post up, stick, affix. Cotgrave explains the word in
French as a billet for the benefit or advantage of him that receives
it, a form of introduction and also a notice affixed at the gate
of a court of law. The development of meaning in French from
a label to ceremonial rules is not difficult in itself, but, as the
New English Dictionary points out, the history has not been
clearly established.
ETNA (Gr. Αἴτνη, from αἴθω, burn; Lat. Aetna), a volcano on
the east coast of Sicily, the summit of which is 18 m. N. by W.
of Catania. Its height was ascertained to be 10,758 ft. in 1900,
having decreased from 10,870 ft. in 1861. It covers about 460
sq. m., and by rail the distance round the base of the mountain
is 86 m., though, as the railway in some places travels high, the
correct measurement is about 91 m. The height cannot have
been very different in ancient times, for the so-called Torre del
Filosofo, which is only 1188 ft. below the present summit, is a
building of Roman date. The shape is that of a truncated cone,
interrupted on the west by the Valle del Bove, a huge sterile
abyss, 3 m. wide, bounded on three sides by perpendicular
cliffs (2000 to 4000 ft.). Its south-west portion, which is the
deepest, was perhaps the original crater. There are also some
200 subsidiary cones, some of them over 3000 ft. high, which
have risen over lateral fissures. On the slopes of the mountain
there are three distinct zones of vegetation, distinguished by
Strabo (vi. p. 273 ff.). The lowest, up to about 3000 ft., is the
zone of cultivation, where vegetables, and above them where
water is more scanty, vines and olives flourish. Owing to its
extraordinary fertility it is densely populated, having 930
inhabitants per sq. m. below 2600 ft., and 3056 inhabitants
per sq. m. in the triangle between Catania, Nicolosi and Acireale.
The next zone is the wooded zone, and is hardly inhabited, only
a few isolated houses occurring. The lower part of it (up to
about 6000 ft.) consists chiefly of forests of evergreen pines
(Pinus nigricans), the upper (up to about 6800 ft.) of birch woods
(Betula alba). A few oaks and red beeches occur, while chestnut
trees grow anywhere between 1000 and 5300 ft. In the third and
highest zone the vegetation is stunted, and there is a narrow zone
of sub-Alpine shrubs, but no Alpine flora. In the last 2000 ft.
five phanerogamous species only are to be found, the first three
of which are peculiar to the mountain: Senecio Etnensis (which
is found quite close to the crater), Anthemis Etnensis, Robertsia
taraxacoides, Tanacetum vulgare and Astragalus siculus. No trace
of animal life is to be found in this zone; for the greater part of
the year it is covered with snow, but by the end of summer this
has almost all melted, except for that preserved in the covered
pits in which it is stored for use for cooling liquids, &c., in Catania
and elsewhere. The ascent is best undertaken in summer or
autumn. From the village of Nicolosi, 9 m. to the N.W. of
Catania, about 7 or 8 hours are required to reach the summit.
Thucydides mentions eruptions in the 8th and 5th centuries B.C.,
and others are mentioned by Livy in 125, 121 and 43 B.C. Catania
was overwhelmed in 1169, and many other serious eruptions are
recorded, notably in 1669, 1830, 1852, 1865, 1879, 1886, 1892,
1899 and March 1910.
According to Lyell, Etna is rather older than Vesuvius—perhaps of the same geological age as the Norwich Crag. At Trezza, on the eastern base of the mountain, basaltic rocks occur associated with fossiliferous Pliocene clays. The earliest eruptions of Etna are older than the Glacial period in Central and Northern Europe. If all the minor cones and monticules could be stripped from the mountain, the diminution of bulk would be extremely slight. Lyell concluded that, although no approximation can be given of the age of Etna, “its foundations were laid in the sea in the newer Pliocene period.” From the slope of the strata from one central point in the Val del Bue he further concluded that there once existed a second great crater of permanent eruption. The rocks erupted by Etna have always been very constant in composition, viz. varieties of basaltic lava and tuff containing little or no olivine—the rock type known as labradorite. At Acireale the lava has assumed the prismatic or columnar form in a striking manner; at the rock of Aci it is in parts spheroidal. The Grotte des Chèvres has been regarded as an enormous gas-bubble in the lava. The remarkable stability of the mountain appears to be due to the innumerable dikes which penetrate the lava flows and tuff beds in all directions and thus bind the whole mass together.
From the earliest times the mountain has naturally been the subject of legends. The Greeks believed it to be either the mountain with which Zeus had crushed the giant Typhon (so Pindar, Pyth. i. 34 seq.; Aeschylus, Prometheus Vinctus, 351 seq.; Strabo xiii. p. 626), or Enceladus (Virgil, Georg. i. 471; Oppian, Cyn. i. 273), or the workshop of Hephaestus and the Cyclopes (Cic. De divin. ii. 19; cf. Lucil., Aetna, 41 seq., Solin, 11). Several Roman writers, on the other hand, attempted to explain the phenomena which it presented by natural causes (e.g. Lucretius vi. 639 seq.; Lucilius, Aetna, 511 seq.). Ascents
