a red suit trumps he “crosses the suit”; the same applies to trumps
in a red suit, mutatis mutandis. The non-dealer leads; the dealer
must follow suit if he can, but he need not win the trick, nor need he
trump if unable to follow suit. The left bower counts as a trump,
and a trump must be played to it if led. The game is five up. If
the player who orders up or adopts makes five tricks (a “march”)
he scores two points; if four or three tricks, one point; if he makes
less than three tricks, he is “euchred” and the other player scores
two. A rubber consists of three games, each game counting one,
unless the loser has failed to score at all, when the winner counts
two for that game. This is called a “lurch.” When a player wins
three tricks, he is said to win the “point.” The rubber points are
two, as at whist. All three games are played out, even if one player
win the first two. It is sometimes agreed that if a score “laps,” i.e.
if the winner makes more than five points in a game, the surplus
may be carried on to the next game. The leader should be cautious
about ordering up, since the dealer will probably hold one trump
in addition to the one he takes in. If the point is certain, the leader
should pass, in case the dealer should take up the trump. If the
dealer “turns it down,” it is not wise to “make it,” unless the odds
on getting the point against one trump are two to one. With good
cards in two suits, it is best to make it “next,” as the dealer is not
likely to have a bower in that suit. The dealer, if he adopts, should
discard a singleton, unless it is an ace. If the dealer’s score is three,
only a very strong hand justifies one in “ordering up.” It is generally
wise in play to discard a singleton and not to unguard another
suit. With one’s adversary at four, the trump should be adopted
even on a light hand.
Three-handed (cut-throat) Euchre.—In this form of the game the option of playing or passing goes round in rotation, beginning with the player on the dealer’s left. The player who orders up, takes up, or makes, plays against the other two; if he is euchred his adversaries score two each; by other laws he is set back two points, and should his score be at love, he has then to make seven points. The procedure is the same as in two-handed euchre.
Four-handed Euchre.—The game is played with partners, cutting and sitting, and the deal passing, as at whist. If the first player passes, the second may say “I assist,” which is the same as “ordering up,” or he may pass. If the first player has ordered up, his partner may say “I take it from you,” which means that he will play alone against the two adversaries, the first player’s cards being put face downwards on the table, and not being used in that hand. Any player can similarly play “a lone hand,” his partner taking no part in the play. Even if the first hand plays alone, the third may take it from him. Similarly the dealer may take it from the second hand, but the second hand cannot take it from the dealer. If all four players pass, the first player can pass, make it, or play alone, naming the suit he makes. The third hand can “take it” from the first, or play alone in the suit made by the first, the dealer having a similar right over his own partner. If all four pass again, the hand is at an end and the deal passes. The game is five up, points being reckoned as before. If a lone player makes five tricks his side scores four: if three tricks, one: if he fails to make three tricks the opponents score four. It is not wise for the first hand to order up or cross the suit unless very strong. It is good policy to lead trumps through a hand that assists, bad policy to do so when the leader adopts. Trumps should be led to a partner who has ordered up or made it. It is sometimes considered wise for the first hand to “keep the bridge,” i.e. order up with a bad hand, to prevent the other side from playing alone, if their score is only one or two and the leader’s is four. This right is lost if a player reminds his partner, after the trump card has been turned, that they are at the point of bridge. If the trump under these circumstances is not ordered up, the dealer should turn down, unless very strong. The second hand should not assist unless really strong, except when at the point of four-all or four-love. When led through, it is generally wise, ceteris paribus, to head the trick. The dealer should always adopt with two trumps in hand, or with one trump if a bower is turned up. At four-all and four-love he should adopt on a weaker hand. Also, being fourth player, he can make it on a weaker hand than other players. If the dealer’s partner assists, the dealer should lead him a trump at the first opportunity; it is also a good opportunity for the dealer to play alone if moderately strong. If a player who generally keeps the bridge passes, his partner should rarely play alone.
Extracts from Rules.—If the dealer give too many or too few cards to any player, or exposes two cards in turning up, it is a misdeal and the deal passes. If there is a faced card in the pack, or the dealer exposes a card, he deals again. If any one play with the wrong number of cards, or the dealer plays without discarding, trumps being ordered up, his side forfeits two points (a lone hand four points) and cannot score during that hand. The revoke penalty is three points for each revoke (five in the case of a lone hand), and no score can be made that hand; a card may be taken back, before the trick is quitted, to save a revoke, but it is an exposed card. If a lone player expose a card, no penalty; if he lead out of turn, the card led may be called. If an adversary of a lone player plays out of turn to his lead, all the cards of both adversaries can be called, and are exposed on the table.
Bid Euchre.—This game resembles “Napoleon” (q.v.). It is played with a euchre deck, each player receiving five cards, the others being left face-downwards. Each player “bids,” i.e. declares and makes a certain number of tricks, the highest bidder leading and his first card being a trump. When six play, the player who bids highest claims as his partner the player who has the best card of the trump suit, not in the bidder’s hand: if it is among the undealt cards, which is ascertained by the fact that no one else holds it, he calls for the next best and so on. The partners then play against the other four.
EUCKEN, RUDOLF CHRISTOPH (1846– ), German
philosopher, was born on the 5th of January 1846 at Aurich in
East Friesland. His father died when he was a child, and he
was brought up by his mother, a woman of considerable activity.
He was educated at Aurich, where one of his teachers was the
philosopher Wilhelm Reuter, whose influence was the dominating
factor in the development of his thought. Passing to the university
of Göttingen he took his degree in classical philology and
ancient history, but the bent of his mind was definitely towards
the philosophical side of theology. Subsequently he studied in
Berlin, especially under Trendelenburg, whose ethical tendencies
and historical treatment of philosophy greatly attracted him.
From 1871 to 1874 Eucken taught philosophy at Basel, and in
1874 became professor of philosophy at the university of Jena.
In 1908 he was awarded the Nobel prize for literature. Eucken’s
philosophical work is partly historical and partly constructive,
the former side being predominant in his earlier, the latter in
his later works. Their most striking feature is the close organic
relationship between the two parts. The aim of the historical
works is to show the necessary connexion between philosophical
concepts and the age to which they belong; the same idea is
at the root of his constructive speculation. All philosophy is
philosophy of life, the development of a new culture, not mere
intellectualism, but the application of a vital religious inspiration
to the practical problems of society. This practical idealism
Eucken described by the term “Activism.” In accordance with
this principle, Eucken has given considerable attention to social
and educational problems.
His chief works are:—Die Methode der aristotelischen Forschung (1872); the important historical study on the history of conceptions, Die Grundbegriffe der Gegenwart (1878; Eng. trans. by M. Stuart Phelps, New York, 1880; 3rd ed. under the title Geistige Strömungen der Gegenwart, 1904; 4th ed., 1909); Geschichte der philos. Terminologie (1879); Prolegomena zu Forschungen über die Einheit des Geisteslebens (1885); Beiträge zur Geschichte der neueren Philosophie (1886, 1905); Die Einheit des Geisteslebens (1888); Die Lebensanschauungen der grossen Denker (1890; 7th ed., 1907; Eng. trans., W. Hough and Boyce Gibson, The Problem of Human Life, 1909); Der Wahrheitsgehalt der Religion (1901; 2nd ed., 1905); Thomas von Aquino und Kant (1901); Gesammelte Aufsätze zu Philos. und Lebensanschauung (1903); Philosophie der Geschichte (1907); Der Kampf um einen geistigen Lebensinhalt (1896, 1907); Grundlinien einer neuen Lebensanschauung (1907); Einführung in die Philosophie der Geisteslebens (1908; Eng. trans., The Life of the Spirit, F. L. Pogson, 1909, Crown Theological Library); Der Sinn und Wert des Lebens (1908; Eng. trans., 1909); Hauptprobleme der Religionsphilosophie der Gegenwart (1907). The following of Eucken’s works also have been translated into English:—Liberty in Teaching in the German Universities (1897); Are the Germans still a Nation of Thinkers? (1898); Progress of Philos. in the 19th Century (1899); The Finnish Question (1899); The Present Status of Religion in Germany (1901). See W. R. Boyce Gibson, Rudolf Eucken’s Philosophy of Life (2nd ed., 1907), and God with Us (1909); for the historical work, Falckenberg’s Hist. of Philos. (Eng. trans., 1895, index); also H. Pöhlmann, R. Euckens Theologie mit ihren philosophischen Grundlagen dargestellt (1903); O. Siebert, R. Euckens Welt- und Lebensanschauung (1904).
EUCLASE, a very rare mineral, occasionally cut as a gem-stone
for the cabinet. It bears some relation to beryl in that it is a
silicate containing beryllium and aluminium, but hydrogen is
also present, and the analyses of euclase lead to the formula
HBeAlSiO5 or Be(AlOH)SiO4. It crystallizes in the monoclinic
system, the crystals being generally of prismatic habit, striated
vertically, and terminated by acute pyramids. Cleavage is
perfect, parallel to the clinopinacoid, and this suggested to R. J.
Haüy the name euclase, from the Greek εὖ, easily, and κλάσις,
fracture. The ready cleavage renders the stone fragile with a
tendency to chip, and thus detracts from its use for personal
ornament. The colour is generally pale-blue or green, though
sometimes the mineral is colourless. When cut it resembles
