établissements en faveur tant des veuves que des morts, without a date; Opuscula analytica (St Petersburg, 1783–1785, in 2 vols. 4to).
See Rudio, Leonhard Euler (Basel, 1884); M. Cantor, Geschichte der Mathematik.
EUMENES, the name of two rulers of Pergamum.
1. Eumenes I. succeeded his uncle Philetaerus in 263 B.C. The only important event in his reign was his victory near Sardis over Antiochus Soter, which enabled him to secure possession of the districts round his capital. (See Pergamum.)
2. Eumenes II., son of Attalus I., was king of Pergamum from 197–159 B.C. During the greater part of his reign he was a loyal ally of the Romans, who bestowed upon him signal marks of favour. He materially contributed to the defeat of Antiochus of Syria at the battle of Magnesia (190), and as a reward for his services the Thracian Chersonese and all Antiochus’s possessions as far as the Taurus were bestowed upon him, including a protectorate of such Greek cities as had not been declared free. In his quarrels with his neighbours the Romans intervened on his behalf, and on the occasion of his visit to Rome to complain of the conduct of Perseus, king of Macedonia, he was received with the greatest distinction. On his return journey he narrowly escaped assassination by the emissaries of Perseus. Although he supported the Romans in the war against Macedonia, he displayed so little energy and interest (even recalling his auxiliaries) that he was suspected of intriguing with the enemy. According to Polybius there was some foundation for the suspicion, but Eumenes declared that he had merely been negotiating for an exchange of prisoners. Nothing, however, came of these negotiations, whatever may have been their real object; and Eumenes, in order to avert suspicion, sent his congratulations to Rome by his brother Attalus after the defeat of Perseus (168). Attalus was received courteously but coldly; and Eumenes in alarm set out to visit Rome in person, but on his arrival at Brundusium was ordered to leave Italy at once. Eumenes never regained the good graces of the Romans, who showed especial favour to Attalus on his second visit to Rome, probably with the object of setting him against Eumenes; but the ties of kinship proved too strong. The last years of his reign were disturbed by renewed hostilities against Prusias of Bithynia and the Celts of Galatia, and probably only his death prevented a war with Rome. Eumenes, although physically weak, was a shrewd and vigorous ruler and politician, who raised his little state from insignificance to a powerful monarchy. During his reign Pergamum became a flourishing city, where men of learning were always welcome, among them Crates of Mallus, the founder of the Pergamene school of criticism. Eumenes adorned the city with splendid buildings, amongst them the great altar with the frieze representing the Battle of the Giants; but the greatest monument of his liberality was the foundation of the library, which was second only to that of Alexandria.
See Livy xxxix. 51, xlii. 11-16; Polybius xxi.-xxxii.; Appian, Syriaca; Livy, Epit. 46; Cornelius Nepos, Hannibal, 10; A. G. van Cappelle, Commentatio de regibus et antiquitatibus Pergamenis (Amsterdam, 1841). For the altar of Zeus, see Pergamum; for treaty with Cretan cities (183 B.C.) see Monumenti antichi, xviii. 177.
EUMENES (c. 360–316 B.C.), Macedonian general, was a native
of Cardia in the Thracian Chersonesus. At a very early age he
was employed as private secretary by Philip II. of Macedon,
and on the death of that prince, by Alexander, whom he accompanied
into Asia. In the division of the empire on Alexander’s
death, Cappadocia and Paphlagonia were assigned to Eumenes;
but as they were not yet subdued, Leonnatus and Antigonus
were charged by Perdiccas to put him in possession. Antigonus,
however, disregarded the order, and Leonnatus in vain attempted
to induce Eumenes to accompany him to Europe and share in
his far-reaching designs. Eumenes joined Perdiccas, who installed
him in Cappadocia. When Craterus and Antipater,
having reduced Greece, determined to pass into Asia and overthrow
the power of Perdiccas, their first blow was aimed at
Cappadocia. Craterus and Neoptolemus, satrap of Armenia,
were completely defeated by Eumenes (321); Neoptolemus was
killed, and Craterus died of his wounds. After the murder of
Perdiccas in Egypt by his own soldiers, the Macedonian generals
condemned Eumenes to death, and charged Antipater and Antigonus
with the execution of their order. Eumenes, being defeated
through the treachery of one of his officers, fled to Nora,
a strong fortress on the confines of Cappadocia and Lycaonia,
where he defended himself for more than a year. The death of
Antipater (319) produced complications. He left the regency
to his friend Polyperchon over the head of his son Cassander,
who entered into an alliance with Antigonus and Ptolemy
against Polyperchon, supported by Eumenes, who, having
escaped from Nora, was threatening Syria and Phoenicia. In
318 Antigonus marched against him, and Eumenes withdrew
east to join the satraps of the provinces beyond the Tigris.
After two indecisive battles in Iran, Eumenes was betrayed by
his own soldiers to Antigonus and put to death. He was an able
soldier, who did his utmost to maintain the unity of Alexander’s
empire in Asia; but his efforts were frustrated by the generals
and satraps, who hated and despised the “secretary” and
“foreigner.”
See Plutarch, Eumenes; Cornelius Nepos, Eumenes; Diod. Sic. xviii., xix.; Arrian, Anabasis, vii.; Quintus Curtius x. 4. 10; Justin xiii. 8; A. Vezin, Eumenes von Kardia. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Diadochenzeit (Münster i. W., 1907). Also Macedonian Empire.
EUMENIDES (from Gr. εὐμενής, kindly; εὖ, well, and μένος,
disposition), the “kindly ones,” a euphemism for the Furies
or Erinyes (q.v.). They give their name to a famous play by
Aeschylus (q.v.), written in glorification of the old religion and
aristocratic government of Athens, in opposition to the new democracy of the Periclean period.
EUMENIUS (c. A.D. 260–311), one of the Roman panegyrists,
was born at Augustodunum (Autun) in Gallia Lugdunensis.
He was of Greek descent; his grandfather, who had migrated
from Athens to Rome, finally settled at Autun as a teacher
of rhetoric. Eumenius probably took his place, for it was
from Autun that he went to be magister memoriae (private
secretary) to Constantius Chlorus, whom he accompanied on
several of his campaigns. In 296 Chlorus determined to restore
the famous schools (scholae Maenianae) of Autun, which had been
greatly damaged by the inroads of the Bagaudae (peasant banditti),
and appointed Eumenius to the management of them,
allowing him to retain his offices at court and doubling his salary.
Eumenius generously gave up a considerable portion of his
emoluments to the improvement of the schools. There is no
doubt that Eumenius was a heathen, not even a nominal follower
of Christianity, like Ausonius and other writers from Gaul.
Nothing is known of his later years; but he must have lived
at least till 311, if the Gratiarum Actio to Constantine is by him.
Of the twelve discourses included in the collection of Panegyrici
Latini (ed. E. Bährens, 1874), the following are probably by
Eumenius. (1) Pro restaurandis (or instaurandis) scholis,
delivered (297) in the forum at Autun before the governor of the
province. Its chief object is to set forth the steps necessary to
restore the schools to their former state of efficiency, and the
author lays stress upon the fact that he intends to assist the good
work out of his own pocket. (2) An address (297) to the Caesar
Constantius Chlorus, congratulating him on his victories over
Allectus and Carausius in Britain, and containing information
of some value as to the British methods of fighting. (3) A
panegyric on Constantine (310). (4) An address of thanks (311)
from the inhabitants of Autun (whose name had been changed
from Augustodunum to Flavia) to Constantine for the remission
of taxes and other benefits. (5) A festal address (307) on the
marriage of Constantine and Fausta, the daughter of Maximian.
All these speeches, with the exception of (1), were delivered at
Augusta Trevirorum (Trèves), whose birthday is celebrated in
(3). Eumenius is far the best of the orators of his time, and
superior to the majority of the writers of imperial panegyrics.
He shows greater self-restraint and moderation in his language,
which is simple and pure, and on the whole is free from the gross
flattery which characterizes such productions. This fault is
most conspicuous in (3), which led Heyne (Opuscula, vi. 80) to
deny the authorship of Eumenius on the ground that it was
unworthy of him.
