Page:EB1911 - Volume 09.djvu/953

the East is once more carried on through the Mediterranean as it was in ancient times and the middle ages. The great shortening of the sea-route in this trade at such ports as Marseilles, Triest, Venice and Genoa, indicated by the figures below, goes far to counterbalance the extra cost even of railway transport across the mountains.

Distance in Nautical Miles from Port Said.

London	3215
Bremen	3502
Hamburg	3520
Stettin	3749
St Petersburg	4300
Marseilles	1506
Genoa	1426
Venice	1330
Brindisi	930
Odessa	1130

An enormous amount of investigation with regard to European ethnology has been carried on in recent years. These labours have chiefly consisted in the study of the physical type of different countries or districts, but it is not necessary Ethnology. to consider in detail the results arrived at. It should, however, be pointed out that the idea of an Aryan race may be regarded as definitely abandoned. One cannot even speak with assurance of the diffusion of an Aryan civilization. It is at least not certain that the civilization that was spread by the migration of peoples speaking Aryan tongues originated amongst and remained for a time peculiar to such peoples. The utmost that can be said is that the Aryan languages must in their earliest forms have spread from some geographical centre. That centre, however, is no longer sought for in Asia, but in some part of Europe, so that we can no longer speak of any detachment of Aryan-speaking peoples entering Europe.

The most important works, summarizing the labours of a host of specialists on the races of Europe, are those of Ripley and Deniker.^[1] Founding upon a great multitude of data that have been collected with regard to the form of the head, face and nose, height, and colour of the hair and eyes, most of the leading anthropologists seem to have come to the conclusion that there are three great racial types variously and intricately intermingled in Europe. As described and named by Ripley, these are: (1) the Teutonic, characterized by long head and face and narrow aquiline nose, high stature, very light hair and blue eyes; (2) the Alpine, characterized by round head, broad face, variable rather broad heavy nose, medium height and “stocky” frame, light chestnut hair and hazel grey eyes; and (3) the Mediterranean, characterized by long head and face, rather broad nose, medium stature and slender build, dark brown or black hair and dark eyes. The Teutonic race is entirely confined to north-western Europe, and embraces some groups speaking Celtic languages. It is believed by Ripley to have been differentiated in this continent, and to have originally been one with the other long-headed race, sometimes known as the Iberian, and to the Italians as the Ligurian race, which “prevails everywhere south of the Pyrenees, along the southern coast of France, and in southern Italy, including Sicily and Sardinia,” and which extends beyond the confines of Europe into Africa. The Alpine race is geographically intermediate between these two, having its centre in the Alps, while in western Europe it is spread most widely over the more elevated regions, and in eastern Europe “becomes less pure in proportion as we go east from the Carpathians across the great plains of European Russia.” This last race, which is most persistently characterized by the shape of the head, is regarded by Ripley as an intrusive Asiatic element which once advanced as a wedge amongst the earlier long-headed population as far as Brittany, where it still survives in relative purity, and even into Great Britain, though not Ireland, but afterwards retired and contracted its area before an advance of the long-headed races. Deniker, basing his classification on essentially the same data as Ripley and others, while agreeing with them almost entirely with regard to the distribution of the three main traits (cephalic index, colour of hair and eyes, and stature) on which anthropologists rely, yet proceeds further in the subdivision of the races of Europe. He recognizes six principal and four secondary races. The six principal races are the Nordic (answering approximately to the Teutonic of Ripley), the Littoral or Atlanto-Mediterranean, the Ibero-Insular, the Oriental, the Adriatic or Dinaric and the Occidental or Cevenole.

Although language is no test of race, it is the best evidence for present or past community of social or political life; and nothing is better fitted to give a true impression of the position and relative importance of the peoples of Language. Europe than a survey of their linguistic differences and affinities.^[2] The following table contains the names of the various languages which are still spoken on the continent, as well as of those which, though now extinct, can be clearly traced in other forms. Two asterisks are employed to mark those which are emphatically dead languages, while one indicates those which have a kind of artificial life in ecclesiastical or literary usage.

I.

 INDO-EUROPEAN.

 1. Indic branch, represented by

 Gipsy dialects.

 2. Iranic branch, represented by

(a)

 Ossetian.

(b)

 Armenian.

 3. Hellenic branch, represented by

*(a)

 Greek.

(b)

 Romaic.

(c)

 Neo-Hellenic.

 4. Italic branch, represented by

*(a)

 Latin.

**(b)

 Oscan.

**(c)

 Umbrian, &c.

Neo-Latin

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

(d)

 French.

(e)

 Walloon.

(f)

 Provençal.

(g)

 Italian.

(h)

 Ladin (Rumonsh, Rumansh, Rheto-Romance).

(i)

 Spanish.

(j)

 Portuguese.

(k)

 Rumanian.

 5. Celtic branch, represented by

(a)

 Irish.

(b)

 Erse or Gaelic.

(c)

 Manx.

(d)

 Welsh.

**(e)

 Cornish.

(f)

 Low Breton.

 6. Teutonic branch, represented by

**(a)

 Gothic.

Scandinavian

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

**(b)

 Norse or Old Norse.

(c)

 Icelandic and Faeroese.

(d)

 Norwegian.

(e)

 Swedish.

(f)

 Danish.

Low German

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

**(g)

 Saxon, Anglo-Saxon, or First English.

(h)

 English.

**(i)

 Old Saxon.

(j)

 Platt-Deutsch or Low German.

(k)

 Flemish Netherlandish.

(l)

 Dutch

(m)

 Frisic.

High German

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

**(n)

 Old High German.

(o)

 Middle High German.

(p)

 New High or Literary German

 7. Slavonic branch, represented by

*(a)

Church Slavonic.

South-Eastern

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

(b)

 Russian.

(c)

 Ruthenian, Rusniak, or Little-Russian.

(d)

 White Russian or Bielo-Russian.

(e)

 Bulgarian.

(f)

 Servo-Croatian.

(g)

 Slovenian.

Western

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

(h)

 Czech (Bohemian).

(i)

 Slovakish.

(j)

 Polish.

(k)

 Sorbian (Wendic, Lusatian).

*(l)

 Polabian.

 8. Lettic branch, represented by

**(a)

 Old Prussian

(b)

 Lettish.

(c)

 Lithuanian.

 9. Unattached

**?(a)

 Old Dacian.

(b)

 Albanian.

II.

 SEMITIC.

 1. Canaanitic branch, represented by

*(a)

 Hebrew.

**(b)

 Phoenician or Punic.

 2. Arabic branch, represented by

**(a)

 Arabic.

**(b)

 Mozarabic.

(c)

 Maltese.

III.

 FINNO-TATARIC (Turanian, Ural-Altaic, &c.).

 1. Finno-Ugric languages

(a)

 Samoyede.

(b)

 Finnish or Suomi.

(c)

 Esthonian, Livonian, Vepsish, Votish.

(d)

 Lappish.

(e)

 Cheremissian.

(f)

 Mordvinian.

(g)

 Ziryenian and Permian.

(h)

 Votiak.

(i)

 Magyar.

 2. Tatar-Turkish languages

(a)

 Turkish.

(b)

 Kazan Tatar, Crimean Tatar, Bashkir, Kirghiz.

(c)

 Chuvash.

 3. Mongolian languages

 Kalmuk.

 4. Unattached

 Basque.

From this conspectus it appears that there are still about 60 distinct languages spoken in Europe, without including Latin, Greek, Old Slavonic and Hebrew, which are still used in literature

1. See bibliography at the end of the article.
2. See on the whole subject Hovelacque’s Science of Language, Latham’s Nationalities of Europe, and the same author’s Philology.