5th ed., 1908). See also T. H. Dyer, History of Modern Europe from
the fall of Constantinople, revised and continued to the end of the
19th century by A. Hassal (6 vols., London, 1901). Besides the
above may be mentioned, for European history since the outbreak
of the French Revolution, A. Sorel, l’Europe et la Révolution Française
(7 vols., Paris, 1885, &c.), a work of first-class importance;
A. Stern, Geschichte Europas seit den Wiener Verträgen von 1815
(Stuttgart and Berlin, 1894, &c.), based on the study of much new
material, still in progress (1908); C. Seignobos, Histoire politique
de l’Europe contemporaine (Paris, 1897), a valuable text-book with
copious bibliography (Eng. trans., London, 1901); C. M. Andrews,
Historical development of Europe, 2 vols. (New York, 1896–1898).
(3) Published Documents.—For the vast mass of published sources reference must be made to the bibliographies mentioned above. It must be borne in mind, however, that these represent but a fraction of the unpublished material, and that the great development of original research is constantly revealing fresh sources, throwing new light on old problems, and not seldom upsetting conclusions long established as final. For these latest developments of scholarship the numerous historical and archaeological reviews published in various countries should be consulted: e.g. The English Historical Review (London); The Scottish Hist. Rev. (Glasgow); The American Hist. Rev. (London and New York); the Revue historique (Paris); the Historische Zeitschrift (Munich). The most notable collections of treaties are J. Dumont’s Corps diplomatique, covering the period from A.D. 800 to 1731 (Amsterdam and the Hague, 1726–1731); F. G. de Martens and his continuators, Recueil des traités, &c. (1791, &c.), covering with its supplements the period from 1494 to 1874; F. (T. T.) de Martens, Recueil des traités conclus par la Russie, &c. (14 vols., St Petersburg, 1874, &c.); A. and J. de Clercq, Recueil des traités de la France (Paris, 1864; new ed., 1880, &c.); L. Neumann, Recueil des traités conclus par l’Autriche (from 1763), (6 vols., Leipzig, 1855); new series, by. L. Neumann and A. de Plason (16 vols., Vienna, 1877–1903); Österreichische Staatsverträge (vol. i. England, 1526–1748), published by the Commission for the modern history of Austria (Innsbruck, 1907), with valuable introductory notes; British and Foreign State Papers (from the termination of the war in 1814), compiled at the Foreign Office by the Librarian and Keeper of the Papers (London, 1819, &c.); Sir E. Hertslet, The Map of Europe by Treaty (from 1814), (4 vols., London, 1875–1891). See the article Treaties. (W. A. P.)
EUROPIUM, a metallic chemical element, symbol Eu, atomic
weight 152.0 (O = 16). The oxide Eu2O3 occurs in very small
quantity in the minerals of the rare earths, and was first obtained
in 1896 by E, A. Demarçay from Lecoq de Boisbaudran’s
samarium; G. Urbain and H. Lacombe in 1904 obtained the
pure salts by fractional crystallization of the nitric acid solution
with magnesium nitrate in the presence of bismuth nitrate.
The salts have a faint pink colour, and show a faint absorption
spectrum; the spark spectrum is brilliant and well characterized.
EURYDICE (Εὐρυδίκη), in Greek mythology, the wife of
Orpheus (q.v.). She was the daughter of Nereus and Doris,
and died from the bite of a serpent when fleeing from Aristaeus,
who wished to offer her violence (Virgil, Georgics, iv. 454-527;
Ovid, Metam. x. 1 ff.).
EURYMEDON, one of the Athenian generals during the
Peloponnesian War. In 428 B.C. he was sent by the Athenians to
intercept the Peloponnesian fleet which was on the way to attack
Corcyra. On his arrival, finding that Nicostratus with a small
squadron from Naupactus had already placed the island in
security, he took the command of the combined fleet, which,
owing to the absence of the enemy, had no chance of distinguishing
itself. In the following summer, in joint command of the
land forces, he ravaged the district of Tanagra; and in 425 he
was appointed, with Sophocles, the son of Sostratides, to the
command of an expedition destined for Sicily. Having touched
at Corcyra on the way, in order to assist the democratic party
against the oligarchical exiles, but without taking any steps to
prevent the massacre of the latter, Eurymedon proceeded to
Sicily. Immediately after his arrival a pacification was concluded
by Hermocrates, to which Eurymedon and Sophocles
were induced to agree. The terms of the pacification did not,
however, satisfy the Athenians, who attributed its conclusion
to bribery; two of the chief agents in the negotiations were
banished, while Eurymedon was sentenced to pay a heavy fine.
In 414 Eurymedon, who had been sent with Demosthenes to
reinforce the Athenians at the siege of Syracuse, was defeated and
slain before reaching land (Thucydides iii., iv., vii.; Diod. Sic.
xiii. 8, 11, 13).
EUSDEN, LAURENCE (1688–1730), English poet, son of the
Rev. Laurence Eusden, rector of Spofforth, Yorkshire, was
baptized on the 6th of September 1688. He was educated at St
Peter’s school, York, and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He
became a minor fellow of his college in 1711, and in the next year
was admitted to a full fellowship. He was made poet laureate in
1718 by the lord chancellor, the duke of Newcastle, as a reward
for a flattering poem on his marriage. He was rector of Coningsby,
Lincolnshire, where he died on the 27th of September 1730. His
name is less remembered by his translations and gratulatory
poems than by the numerous satirical allusions of Pope, e.g.
| “ | Know, Eusden thirsts no more for sack or praise; | |
| He sleeps among the dull of ancient days.” | ||
| Dunciad, bk. i. 11. 293-294. | ||
EUSEBIUS (Gr. Εὐσέβιος, from εὐσεβής, pious, cf. the Latin name Pius), a name borne by a large number of bishops and others in the early ages of the Christian Church. Of these the most important are separately noticed below. No less than 25 saints of this name (sometimes corrupted into Eusoge, Euruge, Usoge, Usuge, Uruge and St Sebis) are venerated in the Roman Catholic Church, of whom 23 are included in the Bollandist Acta Sanctorum; many are obscure martyrs, monks or anchorites, but two deserve at least a passing notice.
Eusebius, bishop of Vercelli (d. 371), is notable not only as a stout opponent of Arianism, but also as having been, with St Augustine, the first Western bishop to unite with his clergy in adopting a strict monastic life after the Eastern model (see Ambrose, Ep. 63 ad Vercellenses, § 66). The legend that he was stoned to death by the Arians was probably invented for the edification of the Orthodox.
Eusebius, bishop of Samosata (d. 380), played a considerable part in the later stages of the Arian controversy in the East. He is first mentioned among the Homoean and Homoeusian bishops who in 363 accepted the Homousian formula at the synod of Antioch presided over by Meletius, with whose views he seems to have identified himself (see Meletius of Antioch). According to Theodoret (5, 4, 8) he was killed at Doliche in Syria, where he had gone to consecrate a bishop, by a stone cast by an Arian woman. He thus became a martyr, and found a place in the Catholic calendar (see the article by Loofs in Herzog-Hauck, Realencykl., ed. 1898, v. p. 620).
Eusebius of Laodicea, though not included among the saints, was noted for his saintly life. He was an Alexandrian by birth, and gained so great a reputation for his self-denial and charity that when in 262 the city was besieged by the troops of the emperor Gallienus he obtained permission, together with Anatolius, from their commander Theodotus, to lead out the non-combatants, whom he tended “like a father and physician.” He went with Anatolius to Syria, and took part in the controversy against Paul of Samosata, bishop of Antioch. He became bishop of Laodicea, probably in the following year (263), and died some time before 268. His friend Anatolius succeeded him as bishop in the latter year (see the article by E. Hennecke in Herzog-Hauck, v. 619).
EUSEBIUS, bishop of Rome for four months under the emperor Maxentius, in 309 or 310. The Christians in Rome, divided on the question of the reconciliation of apostates, on which Eusebius held the milder view, brought forward a competitor, Heraclius. Both competitors were expelled by the emperor, Eusebius dying in exile in Sicily. He was buried in the cemetery of St Calixtus at Rome; and the extant epitaph, in eight hexameter lines, set up here by his successor Damasus, contains all the information there is about his life.
EUSEBIUS [of Caesarea] (c. 260–c. 340), ecclesiastical historian, who called himself Eusebius Pamphili, because of his devotion to his friend and teacher Pamphilus, was born probably in Palestine between A.D. 260 and 265, and died as bishop of Caesarea in the year 339 or 340. We know little of his youth beyond the fact that he became associated at an early day with Pamphilus, presbyter of the Church of Caesarea, and founder of a theological school there (see Hist. Eccl. vii. 32). Pamphilus gathered about him a circle of earnest students who
