religion which was spread, in slightly varying forms, all over Asia Minor, and consisted in the worship of the self-reproductive powers of nature, personified in the great mother-goddess (called by various names Cybele, Leto, Artemis, &c.) and the god her husband-and-son (Attis, Men, Sabazios, &c.), representing the two elements of the ultimate divine nature (see Great Mother of the Gods). Here, as in the oriental mysteries generally, the goddess is made more prominent. Where Greek influence affects the native religion, emphasis tends to be laid on the god, but the character of the religion remains everywhere ultimately the same (see Ramsay, Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, ch. iii.).
Authorities.—Perrot, Explor. de la Galatie (1862) and Hist. de l’art (Eng. trans., 1890); Humann and Puchstein, Reisen in Kleinasien u. Nordsyrien (1890); Hogarth in Murray’s Handbook to Asia Minor (1895); Chantre, Mission en Cappadoce (1898). See also Hittites. (J. G. C. A.)
EVAGORAS, son of Nicocles, king of Salamis in Cyprus
410–374 B.C. He claimed descent from Teucer, half-brother of Ajax,
son of Telamon, and his family had long been rulers of Salamis
until supplanted by a Phoenician exile. When the usurper was
in turn driven out by a Cyprian noble, Evagoras, fearing that
his life was in danger, fled to Cilicia. Thence he returned
secretly in 410, and with the aid of a small band of adherents
regained possession of the throne. According to Isocrates,
whose panegyric must however be read with caution, Evagoras
was a model ruler, whose aim was to promote the welfare of his
state and of his subjects by the cultivation of Greek refinement
and civilization, which had been almost obliterated in Salamis
by a long period of barbarian rule. He cultivated the friendship
of the Athenians, and after the defeat of Conon at Aegospotami
he afforded him refuge and hospitality. For a time he also maintained
friendly relations with Persia, and secured the aid of
Artaxerxes II. for Athens against Sparta. He took part in the
battle of Cnidus (394), in which the Spartan fleet was defeated,
and for this service his statue was placed by the Athenians side
by side with that of Conon in the Ceramicus. But the energy
and enterprise of Evagoras soon roused the jealousy of the
Great King, and relations between them became strained.
From 391 they were virtually at war. Aided by the Athenians
and the Egyptian Hakor (Acoris), Evagoras extended his rule
over the greater part of Cyprus, crossed over to Asia Minor, took
several cities in Phoenicia, and persuaded the Cilicians to revolt.
After the peace of Antalcidas (387), to which he refused to agree,
the Athenians withdrew their support, since by its terms they
recognized the lordship of Persia over Cyprus. For ten years
Evagoras carried on hostilities single-handed, except for occasional
aid from Egypt. At last he was totally defeated at Citium, and
compelled to flee to Salamis. Here, although closely blockaded,
he managed to hold his ground, and took advantage of a quarrel
between the Persian generals to conclude peace (376). Evagoras
was allowed to remain nominally king of Salamis, but in reality
a vassal of Persia, to which he was to pay a yearly tribute.
The chronology of the last part of his reign is uncertain. In 374
he was assassinated by a eunuch from motives of private revenge.
The chief authority for the life of Evagoras is the panegyric of Isocrates addressed to his son Nicocles; see also Diod. Sic. xiv. 115, xv. 2-9; Xenophon, Hellenica, iv. 8; W. Judeich, Kleinasiatische Studien (Marburg, 1892), and art. Hellenism.
EVAGRIUS (c. 536–600), surnamed Scholasticus, Church historian, was born at Epiphania in Coele-Syria. His surname shows him to have been an advocate, and it is supposed that he practised at Antioch. He was the legal adviser of Gregory, patriarch of that city, whom he successfully defended at Constantinople against certain serious charges. Through this connexion he was brought under the notice of the emperor Tiberius Constantine, who honoured him with the rank of quaestorian; Maurice Tiberius made him master of the rolls. His influence and reputation were so considerable that on the occasion of his second marriage a public festival was celebrated in his honour, which was interrupted by a terrible earthquake. Evagrius’s name has been preserved by his Ecclesiastical History in six books, extending over the period from the third general council (that of Ephesus, 431) to the year 593. It thus continues the work of Eusebius, Socrates, Sozomen and Theodoret. Though not wholly trustworthy, and often very credulous, this work is on the whole impartial, and appears to have been compiled from original documents, from which many valuable excerpts are given. It is particularly helpful to the student of the history of dogma during the 5th and 6th centuries, while the political history of the time is by no means neglected. Evagrius made use of the writings of Eustathius, John of Epiphania, John Malalas, Procopius, and (possibly) Menander Protector.
The best edition of the History is that of L. Parmentier and J. Bidez (London, 1898), which contains the Scholia; it is also included in Migne’s Patrologia Graeca, lxxxvi. There is an English translation in Bohn’s Ecclesiastical Library. See Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur (1897); F. C. Baur, Die Epochen der kirchlichen Geschichtsschreibung (1852); L. Jeep, Quellenuntersuchungen zu den griechischen Kirchenhistorikern (1884).
EVANDER (Gr. Εὔανδρος, “good man”), in Roman legend, son of Mercury and Carmenta, or of Echemus, king of Arcadia. According to the story, Evander left the Arcadian town of Pallantion about sixty years before the Trojan War and founded Pallanteum or Palatium on the hill afterwards called the Palatine. This is only one of the many Greek legends adopted by the Romans for the purpose of connecting places in Italy with others of like-sounding name in Greece. To Evander was attributed the introduction of Greek rites and customs into his new country; of writing, music and other arts; of the worship of Pan (called Faunus by the Italians) and the festival of Lupercalia. In Virgil he receives Aeneas hospitably, and assists him against Turnus. Probably Evander was identical with the god Faunus (the “favourer”), and the tale of his Arcadian origin was due to the desire to establish connexion with Greece; the name of his reputed mother (or wife) Carmenta is genuinely Italian.
See Livy i. 6. 7; Ovid, Fasti, i. 471, v. 99; Dion. Halic. i. 31-33; Virgil, Aeneid, viii. 335.
EVANGELICAL ALLIANCE, an association of individual Christians of different denominations formed in London in August 1846, at a conference of over 900 clergymen and laymen from all parts of the world, and representing upwards of fifty sections of the Protestant church. The idea originated in Scotland in the preceding year, and was intended “to associate and concentrate the strength of an enlightened Protestantism against the encroachments of popery and Puseyism, and to promote the interests of a scriptural Christianity,” as well as to combat religious indifference. A preliminary meeting was held at Liverpool in October 1845. The movement obtained wide support in other countries, more especially in America, and organizations in connexion with it now exist in the different capitals throughout the world. The object of the alliance, according to a resolution of the first conference, is “to enable Christians to realize in themselves and to exhibit to others that a living and everlasting union binds all true believers together in the fellowship of the church.” At the same conference the following nine points were adopted as the basis of the alliance: “Evangelical views in regard to the divine inspiration, authority and sufficiency of the Holy Scriptures; the right and duty of private judgment in the interpretation of the Holy Scriptures; the unity of the Godhead and the Trinity of persons therein; the utter depravity of human nature in consequence of the fall; the incarnation of the Son of God, His work of atonement for sinners of mankind, and His mediatorial intercession and reign; the justification of the sinner by faith alone; the work of the Holy Spirit in the conversion and sanctification of the sinner; the immortality of the soul, the resurrection of the body, the judgment of the world by our Lord Jesus Christ, with the eternal blessedness of the righteous and the eternal punishment of the wicked; the divine institution of the Christian ministry, and the obligations and perpetuity of the ordinances of Baptism and the Lord’s Supper,” it being understood, however, (1) that such a summary “is not to be regarded in any formal or ecclesiastical sense as a creed or confession,” and (2) that “the selection of certain tenets, with the omission of others, is not to
