peninsula; and that this extended empire would constitute a standing menace to the western Germanic nations. These views he expressed in a series of brilliant articles in German journals. His most important contribution to learning remains his history of the empire of Trebizond. Prior to his discovery of the chronicle of Michael Panaretos, covering the dominion of Alexus Comnenus and his successors from 1204 to 1426, the history of this medieval empire was practically unknown.
His works are—Geschichte des Kaiserthums Trapezunt (Munich, 1827–1848); Geschichte der Halbinsel Morea im Mittelalter (Stuttgart, 1830–1836); Über die Entstehung der Neugriechen (Stuttgart, 1835); “Originalfragmente, Chroniken, u.s.w., zur Geschichte des K. Trapezunts” (Munich, 1843), in Abhandl. der hist. Classe der K. Bayerisch. Akad. v. Wiss.; Fragmente aus dem Orient (Stuttgart, 1845); Denkschrift über Golgotha und das heilige Grab (Munich, 1852), and Das Todte Meer (1853)—both of which had appeared in the Abhandlungen of the Academy; Das albanesische Element in Griechenland, iii. parts, in the Abhandl. for 1860–1866. After his death there appeared at Leipzig in 1861, under the editorship of G. M. Thomas, three volumes of Gesammelte Werke, containing Neue Fragmente aus dem Orient, Kritische Versuche, and Studien und Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben. A sketch of his life will also be found in L. Steub, Herbsttage in Tyrol (Munich, 1867).
FALLOPIUS (or Fallopio), GABRIELLO (1523–1562), Italian anatomist, was born about 1523 at Modena, where he became a canon of the cathedral. He studied medicine at Ferrara, and, after a European tour, became teacher of anatomy in that city. He thence removed to Pisa, and from Pisa, at the instance of
Cosmo I., grand-duke of Tuscany, to Padua, where, besides the chairs of anatomy and surgery and of botany, he held the office of superintendent of the new botanical garden. He died at
Padua on the 9th of October 1562. Only one treatise by
Fallopius appeared during his lifetime, namely the Observationes
anatomicae (Venice, 1561). His collected works, Opera genuina
omnia, were published at Venice in 1584. (See Anatomy.)
FALLOUX, FRÉDÉRIC ALFRED PIERRE, Comte de (1811–1886), French politician and author, was born at Angers on
the 11th of May 1811. His father had been ennobled by
Charles X., and Falloux began his career as a Legitimist and
clerical journalist under the influence of Mme Swetchine. In
1846 he entered the legislature as deputy for Maine-et-Loire,
and with many other ultra-Catholics he gave real or pretended
support to the revolution of 1848. Louis Napoleon made him
minister of education in 1849, but disagreements with the
president led to his resignation within a year. He had nevertheless
secured the passage of the Loi Falloux (March 15, 1850)
for the organization of primary and secondary education. This
law provided that the clergy and members of ecclesiastical
orders, male and female, might exercise the profession of teaching
without producing any further qualification. This exemption
was extended even to priests who taught in secondary schools,
where a university degree was exacted from lay teachers. The
primary schools were put under the management of the curés.
Falloux was elected to the French Academy in 1856. His failure
to secure re-election to the legislature in 1866, 1869, 1870 and
1871 was due to the opposition of the stricter Legitimists, who
viewed with suspicion his attempts to reconcile the Orleans
princes with Henri, comte de Chambord. In spite of his failure
to enter the National Assembly his influence was very great,
and was increased by the intimacy of his personal relations with
Thiers. But in 1872 he offended both sections of the monarchical
party at a conference arranged in the hope of effecting a fusion
between the partisans of the comte de Chambord and of the
Orleans princes, divided on the vexed question of the flag. He
suggested that the comte de Chambord might recede from his
position with dignity at the desire of the National Assembly,
and not content with this encroachment on royalist principles,
he insinuated the possibility of a transitional stage with the duc
d’Aumale as president of the republic. His disgrace was so
complete that he was excommunicated by the bishop of Angers
in 1876. He died on the 16th of January 1886.
Of his numerous works the best known are his Histoire de Louis XVI (1840); Histoire de Saint Pie (1845); De la contre-revolution (1876); and the posthumous Mémoires d’un royaliste (2 vols., 1888).
FALLOW, land ploughed and tilled, but left unsown, usually
for a year, in order, on the one hand, to disintegrate, aërate
and free it from weeds, and, on the other, to allow it to recuperate.
The word was probably early confused with “fallow”
(from O. Eng. fealu, probably cognate with Gr. πολιός, grey),
of a pale-brown or yellow colour, often applied to soil left unfilled
and unsown, but chiefly seen in the name of the “fallow deer.”
The true derivation is from the O. Eng. fealga, only found in the
plural, a harrow, and the ultimate origin is a Teutonic root
meaning “to plough,” cf. the German falgen. The recognition
that continuous growing of wheat on the same area of land robs
the soil of its fertility was universal among ancient peoples, and
the practice of “fallowing” or resting the soil is as old as
agriculture itself. The “Sabbath rest” ordered to be given
every seventh year to the land by the Mosaic law is a classical
instance of the “fallow.” Improvements in crop rotations and
manuring have diminished the necessity of the “bare fallow,”
which is uneconomical because the land is left unproductive,
and because the nitrates in the soil unintercepted by the roots of
plants are washed away in the drainage waters. At the present
time bare fallowing is, in general, only advisable on stiff soils
and in dry climates. A “green fallow” is land planted with
turnips, potatoes or some similar crop in rows, the space between
which may be cleared of weeds by hoeing. The “bastard
fallow” is a modification of the bare fallow, effected by the
growth of rye, vetches, or some other rapidly growing crop,
sown in autumn and fed off in spring, the land then undergoing
the processes of ploughing, grubbing and harrowing usual in the
bare fallow.
FALLOW-DEER (that is, Dun Deer, in contradistinction to the red deer, Cervus [Dama] dama), a medium-sized representative
of the family Cervidae, characterized by its expanded
or palmated antlers, which generally have no bez-tine, rather
long tail (black above and white below), and a coat spotted with
white in summer but uniformly coloured in winter. The shoulder
height is about 3 ft. The species is semi-domesticated in British
parks, and occurs wild in western Asia, North Africa, the south
of Europe and Sardinia. In prehistoric times it occurred
throughout northern and central Europe. One park-breed has
no spots. Bucks and does live apart except during the pairing-season;
and the doe produces one or two, and sometimes three
fawns at a birth. These deer are particularly fond of horse-chestnuts,
which the stags are said to endeavour to procure by
striking at the branches with their antlers. The Persian fallow-deer
(C. [D.] mesopotamicus), a native of the mountains of
Luristan, is larger than the typical species, and has a brighter
coat, differing in some details of colouring. The antlers have
the trez-tine near the small brow-tine, and the palmation
beginning near the former. Here may be mentioned the gigantic
fossil deer commonly known as the Irish elk, which is perhaps a
giant type of fallow-deer, and if so should be known as Cervus
(Dama) giganteus. If a distinct type, its title should be C.
(Megaceros) giganteus. This deer inhabited Ireland, Great Britain,
central and northern Europe, and western Asia in Pleistocene
and prehistoric times; and must have stood 6 ft. high at the
shoulder. The antlers are greatly palmated and of enormous
size, fine specimens measuring as much as 11 ft. between the tips.
FALL RIVER, a city of Bristol county, Massachusetts, U.S.A., situated on Mount Hope Bay, at the mouth of the Taunton river, 49 m. S. of Boston. Pop. (1890) 74,398; (1900) 104,863; (estimated, 1906) 105,942;[1] (1910 census) 119,295. It is the third city in size of the commonwealth. Of the population in 1900, 50,042, or 47.7%, were foreign-born, 90,244 were of foreign parentage (i.e. either one or both parents were foreign), and of these 81,721 had both foreign father and foreign mother. Of the foreign-born, 20,172 were French Canadians, 2329 were English Canadians, 12,268 were from England, 1045 were from Scotland, 7317 were from Ireland, 2805 were from Portugal, and 1095 were from Russia, various other countries being represented by smaller
- ↑ The small increase between 1900 and 1906 was due in large part to the emigration of many of the inhabitants during the great strike of 1904–1905.
