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or ladders, and a regular inspection of their efficiency, will do much. The examination of a rusty door-catch may save a building. The actual preventive work of the surveyor will, however, mostly consist in warning property owners against temporary stoves standing on ordinary floor boards, sooty chimneys, badly hung lamps, dangerous burners and gas brackets fixed in risky positions. Self-help will be greatly facilitated by the judicious arrangement of fire-extinguishing gear, and a like inspection of its efficiency. Hydrants and cocks must not rust, nor must the hose get so stiff that the water cannot pass through it, or sprinklers choked. Hand pumps and pails must always stand ready filled. One of the greatest errors generally made in distributing such apparatus is disregard of the fact that the amateur likes to have an easy retreat if his efforts are unsuccessful, and if this is not the case, he may not, perhaps, use the gear at all.

With regard to regulations governing “special risks,” so far as the safety of the public in theatres and public assembly halls is concerned, attention should be chiefly given to the exits. Spread of fire, and even its outbreak, are secondary considerations. A panic caused by the suspicion of a fire can be quite as fatal as that caused by the actual start of a conflagration. In the storage of petroleum in shops, direct communication should be prevented between the shop or cellar and the main staircase or the living rooms. The sale of dangerous lamps and burners should be prohibited.

Fire-resisting Materials.—One of the greatest misnomers in connexion with fire prevention was originally the description of certain materials and systems of construction as being “fire-proof.” This has seriously affected the development of the movement towards fire prevention, for, having regard to the fact that nothing described as “fire-proof” could be fire-proof in the true sense, confidence was lost in everything so described, and in fact everything described as “fire-proof” came to be looked on with suspicion. In order to decrease this suspicion and obtain a better understanding on the subject, the International Fire Prevention Congress of London in 1903, at which some 800 representatives of government departments and municipalities were present, discussed this matter at considerable length, and they arrived at conclusions which, in consideration of their importance in affecting the whole development of fire-resisting construction, are published below. It is the classification of fire resistance adopted by this congress in 1903 that has been utilized by all concerned throughout the British empire, and in numerous other countries, since that date.

The resolutions adopted by the congress embodied the recommendations contained in the following statement issued by the British Fire Prevention Committee:—

The executive of the British Fire Prevention Committee having given their careful consideration to the common misuse of the term “fire-proof,” now indiscriminately and often most unsuitably applied to many building materials and systems of building construction in use in Great Britain, have come to the conclusion that the avoidance of this term in general business, technical, and legislative vocabulary is essential.

The executive consider the term “fire-resisting” more applicable for general use, and that it more correctly describes the varying qualities of different materials and systems of construction intended to resist the effect of fire for shorter or longer periods, at high or low temperatures, as the case may be, and they advocate the general adoption of this term in place of “fire-proof.”

Further, the executive, fully realizing the great variations in the fire-resisting qualities of materials and systems of construction, consider that the public, the professions concerned, and likewise the authorities controlling building operations, should clearly discriminate between the amount of protection obtainable or, in fact, requisite for different classes of property. For instance, the city warehouse filled with highly inflammable goods of great weight requires very different protection from the tenement house of the suburbs.

The executive are desirous of discriminating between fire-resisting materials and systems of construction affording temporary protection, partial protection, and full protection against fire, and to classify all building materials and systems of construction under these three headings. The exact and definite limit of these three classes is based on the experience obtained from numerous investigations and tests, combined with the experience obtained from actual fires, and after due consideration of the limitations of building practice and the question of cost.

The executive’s minimum requirements of fire-resistance for building materials or systems of construction will be seen from the standard tables appended for—

I. Fire-resisting floors and ceilings,

II. Fire-resisting partitions,

III. Fire-resisting doors,

but they could be popularly summarized as follows:—

(a) That temporary protection implies resistance against fire for at least three-quarters of an hour.

(b) That partial protection implies resistance against a fierce fire for at least one hour and a half.

(c) That full protection implies resistance against a fierce fire for at least two hours and a half.

Standard Table for Fire-resisting Floors and Ceilings.

Classification.		Sub-Class.	Duration of Test. At Least	Minimum Temperature.	Load per Superficial Foot Distributed (per Sq. Metre).	Minimum Superficial Area under Test.	Minimum Time for Application of Water under Press.
Temporary Protection.	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Class A	45 mins	1500° F. (815.5° C.)	Optional	100 sq. ft. (9.290 sq. m.)	2 mins.
		Class B	60 mins.	1500° F. (815.5° C.)	Optional	200 sq. ft. (18.580 sq. m.)	2 mins.
Partial Protection.	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Class A	90 mins	1800° F. (982.2° C.)	112 ℔ (546.852 kg.)	100 sq. ft. (9.290 sq. m.)	2 mins.
		Class B	120 mins.	1800° F. (982.2° C.)	168 ℔ (820.278 kg.)	200 sq. ft. (18.580 sq. m.)	2 mins.
Full Protection.	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Class A	150 mins	1800° F. (982.2° C.)	224 ℔ (1093.706 kg.)	100 sq. ft. (9.290 sq. m.)	2 mins.
		Class B	240 mins.	1800° F. (982.2° C.)	280 ℔ (1367.130 kg.)	200 sq. ft. (18.580 sq. m.)	5 mins.

kg.=kilogramme.

Standard Table for Fire-resisting Partitions.

Classification.		Sub-Class.	Duration of Test. At Least	Minimum Temperature.	Thickness of Material.	Minimum Superficial Area under Test.	Minimum Time for Application of Water under Press.
Temporary Protection.	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Class A	45 mins	1500° F. (815.5° C.)	2 in. and under (.051 m.)	80 sq. ft. (7.432 sq. m.)	2 mins.
		Class B	60 mins.	1500° F. (815.5° C.)	Optional	80 sq. ft. (7.432 sq. m.)	2 mins.
Partial Protection.	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Class A	90 mins	1800° F. (982.2° C.)	21/2 in. and under (.063 m.)	80 sq. ft. (7.432 sq. m.)	2 mins.
		Class B	120 mins.	1800° F. (982.2° C.)	Optional	80 sq. ft. (7.432 sq. m.)	2 mins.
Full Protection.	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Class A	150 mins	1800° F. (982.2° C.)	21/2 in. and under (.063 m.)	80 sq. ft. (7.432 sq. m.)	2 mins.
		Class B	240 mins.	1800° F. (982.2° C.)	Optional	80 sq. ft. (7.432 sq. m.)	5 mins.

Standard Table for Fire-resisting Single Doors, with or without Frames.

Classification.		Sub-Class.	Duration of Test. At Least	Minimum Temperature.	Thickness of Material.	Minimum Superficial Area under Test.	Minimum Time for Application of Water under Press.
Temporary Protection.	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Class A	45 mins	1500° F. (815.5° C.)	2 in. and under (.051 m.)	20 sq. ft. (1.858 sq. m.)	2 mins.
		Class B	60 mins.	1500° F. (815.5° C.)	Optional	20 sq. ft. (1.858 sq. m.)	2 mins.
Partial Protection.	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Class A	90 mins	1800° F. (982.2° C.)	21/2 in. and under (.063 m.)	20 sq. ft. (1.858 sq. m.)	2 mins.
		Class B	120 mins.	1800° F. (982.2° C.)	Optional	20 sq. ft. (1.858 sq. m.)	2 mins.
Full Protection.	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Class A	150 mins	1800° F. (982.2° C.)	1/2 in. and under (.018 m.)	25 sq. ft. (2.322 sq. m.)	2 mins.
		Class B	240 mins.	1800° F. (982.2° C.)	Optional	25 sq. ft. (2.322 sq. m.)	5 mins.

The conditions under this resistance should be obtainable, the actual minimum temperatures, thickness, questions of load, and the application of water can be appreciated from the annexed tables by all technically interested, but for the popular discrimination—which the executive are desirous of encouraging—the time standard alone should suffice.

It is desirable that these standards become the universal standards in this country, on the continent and in the United States, so that the same standardization may in future be common to all countries, and the preliminary arrangements for this universal standardization are already in hand.

Fire Combating.—As to self-help, complication must always be avoided. The amateur fireman must be drilled on the simplest lines. One thing which must be instilled into him is not to waste water—a sure sign of lack of training. Of course the drills must be on the same lines as those of the local brigade, and on no account should other gear be used for self-help than is generally