case of holophytic species—by the illumination: this latter condition
naturally limits the possible growth in thickness in holophytes
with undifferentiated tissues. The same considerations apply
indeed to the larger parasitic organisms among Sporozoa, such as
Gregarines and Myxosporidia and Dolichosporidia, which are giants
among Protozoa.
Literature.—W. S. Kent, Manual of the Infusoria, vol. i. Protozoa (1880–1882); O. Bütschli, Die Flagellaten (in Bronn’s Thierreich, vol. i. Protozoa, 1885); these two works contain full bibliographies of the antecedent authors. See also J. Goroschankin (on Chlamydomonads) in Bull. Soc. Nat. (Moscow, iv. v., 1890–1891); G. Klebs, “Flagellatenstudien” in Zeitsch. Wiss. Zool. lv. (1892); Doflein, Protozoen als Krankheitserreger (1900); Senn, “Flagellaten,” in Engler and Prantl’s Pflanzenfamilien, 1 Teil, Abt. 1a (1900); R. Francé, Der Organismus der Craspedomonaden (1897); Grassi and Sandias, “Trichonymphidae,” in Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxix.-xl. (1897); Bezzenberger, “Opa inidae” in Arch. Protist, iii. (1903); Marcus Hartog, “Protozoa,” in Cambridge Nat. Hist. vol. i. (1906). (M. Ha.)
FLAGEOLET, in music, a kind of flûte-à-bec with a new
fingering, invented in France at the end of the 16th century, and
in vogue in England from the end of the 17th to the beginning of
the 19th century. The instrument is described and illustrated
by Mersenne,[1] who states that the most famous maker and
player in his day was Le Vacher. The flageolet differed from
the recorder in that it had four finger-holes in front and two
thumb-holes at the back instead of seven finger-holes in front
and one thumb-hole at the back. This fingering has survived
in the French flageolet still used in the provinces of France in
small orchestras and for dance music. The arrangement of the
holes was as follows: 1, left thumb-hole at the back near
mouthpiece; 2 and 3, finger-holes stopped by the left hand;
4, finger-hole stopped by right hand; 5, thumb-hole at the back;
6, hole near the open end. According to Dr Burney (History
of Music) the flageolet was invented by the Sieur Juvigny, who
played it in the Ballet comique de la Royne, 1581. Dr Edward
Browne,[2] writing to his father from Cologne on the 20th of June
1673, relates, “We have with us here one . . . and Mr Hadly
upon the flagelet, which instrument he hath so improved as to
invent large ones and outgoe in sweetnesse all the basses whatsoever
upon any other instrument.” About the same time was
published Thomas Greeting’s Pleasant Companion; or New
Lessons and Instructions for the Flagelet (London, 1675 or 1682),
a rare book of which the British Museum does not possess a
copy. The instrument retained its popularity until the beginning
of the 19th century, when Bainbridge constructed double and
triple flageolets.[3] The three tubes were bored parallel through
one piece of wood communicating near the mouthpiece which
was common to all three. The lowest notes of the respective
tubes were 
.
The word flageolet was undoubtedly derived from the medieval Fr. flajol, the primitive whistle-pipe. (K. S.)
FLAGSHIP, the vessel in a fleet which carries the flag, the symbol of authority of an admiral.
FLAHAUT DE LA BILLARDERIE, AUGUSTE CHARLES JOSEPH, Comte de (1785–1870), French general and statesman,
son of Alexandre Sébastien de Flahaut de la Billarderie, comte
de Flahaut, beheaded at Arras in February 1793, and his wife
Adélaide Filleul, afterwards Mme de Souza (q.v.), was born in
Paris on the 21st of April 1785. Charles de Flahaut was generally
recognized to be the offspring of his mother’s liaison with Talleyrand,
with whom he was closely connected throughout his life.
His mother took him with her into exile in 1792, and they
remained abroad until 1798. He entered the army as a volunteer
in 1800, and received his commission after the battle of Marengo.
He became aide-de-camp to Murat, and was wounded at the
battle of Landbach in 1805. At Warsaw he met Anne Poniatowski,
Countess Potocka, with whom he rapidly became intimate.
After the battle of Friedland he received the Legion of
Honour, and returned to Paris in 1807. He served in Spain in
1808, and then in Germany. Meanwhile the Countess Potocka
had established herself in Paris, but Charles de Flahaut had by
this time entered on his liaison with Hortense de Beauharnais,
queen of Holland. The birth of their son was registered in Paris
on the 21st of October 1811 as Charles Auguste Louis Joseph
Demorny, known later as the duc de Morny. Flahaut fought
with distinction in the Russian campaign of 1812, and in 1813
became general of brigade, aide-de-camp to the emperor, and,
after the battle of Leipzig, general of division. After Napoleon’s
abdication in 1814 he submitted to the new government, but
was placed on the retired list in September. He was assiduous
in his attendance on Queen Hortense until the Hundred Days
brought him into active service again. A mission to Vienna to
secure the return of Marie Louise resulted in failure. He was
present at Waterloo, and afterwards sought to place Napoleon II.
on the throne. He was saved from exile by Talleyrand’s influence,
but was placed under police surveillance. Presently he elected
to retire to Germany, and thence to England, where he married
Margaret, daughter of Admiral George Keith Elphinstone,
Lord Keith, and after the latter’s death Baroness Keith in her
own right. The French ambassador opposed the marriage, and
Flahaut resigned his commission. His eldest daughter, Emily
Jane, married Henry, 4th marquess of Lansdowne. The Flahauts
returned to France in 1827, and in 1830 Louis Philippe gave the
count the grade of lieutenant-general and made him a peer of
France. He remained intimately associated with Talleyrand’s
policy, and was, for a short time in 1831, ambassador at Berlin.
He was afterwards attached to the household of the duke of
Orleans, and in 1841 was sent as ambassador to Vienna, where
he remained until 1848, when he was dismissed and retired from
the army. After the coup d’état of 1851 he was again actively
employed, and from 1860 to 1862 was ambassador at the court
of St James’s. He died on the 1st of September 1870. The
comte de Flahaut is perhaps better remembered for his exploits
in gallantry, and the elegant manners in which he had been
carefully trained by his mother, than for his public services,
which were not, however, so inconsiderable as they have
sometimes been represented to be.
See A. de Haricourt, Madame de Souza et sa famille (1907).
FLAIL (from Lat. flagellum, a whip or scourge, but used in the Vulgate in the sense of “flail”; the word appears in Dutch vlegel, Ger. Flegel, and Fr. fléau), a farm hand-implement formerly used for threshing corn. It consists of a short thick club called a “swingle” or “swipple” attached by a rope or leather thong to a wooden handle in such a manner as to enable it to swing freely. The “flail” was a weapon used for military purposes in the middle ages. It was made in the same way as a threshing-flail but much stronger and furnished with iron spikes. It also took the form of a chain with a spiked iron ball at one end swinging free on a wooden or iron handle. This weapon was known as the “morning star” or “holy water sprinkler.” During the panic over the Popish plot in England from 1678 to 1681, clubs, known as “Protestant flails,” were carried by alarmed Protestants (see Green Ribbon Club).
FLAMBARD, RANULF, or Ralph (d. 1128), bishop of Durham and chief minister of William Rufus, was the son of a Norman parish priest who belonged to the diocese of Bayeux. Migrating at an early age to England, the young Ranulf entered the chancery of William I. and became conspicuous as a courtier. He was disliked by the barons, who nicknamed him Flambard in reference to his talents as a mischief-maker; but he acquired the reputation of an acute financier and appears to have played an important part in the compilation of the Domesday survey. In that record he is mentioned as a clerk by profession, and as holding land both in Hants and Oxfordshire. Before the death of the old king he became chaplain to Maurice, bishop of London, under whom he had formerly served in the chancery. But early in the next reign Ranulf returned to the royal service. He is usually described as the chaplain of Rufus; he seems in that capacity to have been the head of the chancery and the custodian of the great seal. But he is also called treasurer;
- ↑ Harmonie universelle (Paris, 1636), bk. v. pp. 232-237.
- ↑ See Sir Thomas Browne’s Works, vol. i. p. 206.
- ↑ See Capt. C. R. Day, Descriptive Catalogue of Musical Instruments (London, 1891), pp. 18-22 and pl. 4; also Complete Instructions for the Double Flageolet (London, 1825); and The Preceptor, or a Key to the Double Flageolet (London, 1815).
